Chapter 7: Digestive System Flashcards
biopsy
removal of a small portion of tissue from the body for microscopic examination
bi
two
-opsy
view of
endoscopic
pertains to the use of an endoscope (flexible fiberoptic tube with a light source and magnifying lens) to examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity, such as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract; used for various medical purposes
dent/o
teeth
odont/o
teeth
-ist
specialist
orth
straight
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
lingu/o
tongue
hypo-
under, below, deficient
sub-
under, below
or/o
mouth
stomat/o
mouth
ptyal/o
saliva
-ism
condition
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
esophag/o
esophagus
-scope
instrument for examining
gastr/o
stomach
-scopy
visual examination
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
tonsill
tonsils
pylor/o
pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach that opens into duodenum)
-tomy
incision
duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
jejun/o
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
-rrhaphy
suture
ile/o
ileum (third part of small intestine)
an/o
anus
peri-
around
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
col/o
colon
colon/o
colon
proct/o
anus, rectum
rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
-cele
hernia, swelling
cholangi/o
bile vessel
-ole
small, minute
chol/e
bile, gall
-lith
stone, calculus
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
bile duct
hepat/o
liver
pancreat/o
pancreas
-algia, -dynia
pain
-emesis
vomitting
gastr
stomach
-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specific)
hepat/o
liver
cirrh
yellow
dys-
bad, difficult, painful
post-
after, behind
dia-
through, across
-megaly
enlargment
-orexia
appetite
-osis
abnormal condition; increase
-pepsia
digestion
-phagia
swallowing, eating
-prandial
meal
-rrhea
discharge, flow
end-
in, within
hemat-
blood
hypo-
under, below, deficient
appendicits
inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of and appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy
ascites
pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure
borborygmus
gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestine
cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
diverticular disease
formation of bulging pouches (diverticula) throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon (includes diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and diverticulitis)
enter
intestine (usually small intestine)
-y
condition, process
-eal
pertaining to
dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diarrhea, colitis, and abdominal cramps
fistula
abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities such ash the rectum and the vagina (rectovaginal fistula), or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
hematochezia
passage of bright red, bloody stools (usually an indication that the colon is bleeding somewhere) commonly caused by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of cancer
-oid
resembling
jaund
yellow
-ice
noun ending
hemorrhoid
mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum; also called piles
hernia
protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
strangulated
hernia whose blood supply has been cut off, leading to necrosis with gangrene of the hernial sac and its contents; a condition that is life-threatening and requires immediate surgery
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines
crohn disease
chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract (usually the ileum) and is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern, which tends to be patchy or segmented; also called regional colitis
ulcerative colitis
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that doesn’t cause permanent damage to the colon; also called spastic colon
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia
obesity
condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25
morbid obesity
more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight
ulcer
open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing or inflamed necrotic (pathological death of a cell) tissue
Volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum. BE is used for diagnosis of obstruction, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis
barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); also called upper GI series
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) using an endoscope; also called upper GI endoscopy
stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that isn’t apparent on visual inspection; also called hemoccult test
bariatric surgery
any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity
vertical banded gastroplsaty
bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fulness
roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreases the pathway of food through the intestine, reducing absorption of calories and fats
colostomy
excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
lithotripsy
eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it
-tripsy
crushing
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts
extra-
outside
corpor
body
-eal
pertaining to
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostriles, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
nas/o
nose
polyp
small growth
polypectomy
excision of a small, tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project from a mucous membrane surface
antacids
neutralize acids in the stomach
antidiarrheals
control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
antiemetics
control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain
laxatives
relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract
BE
barium enema; below the elbow
Dx
diagnosis
EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (lol)
ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrpahy
ESWL
Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
FBS
fasting blood sugar
GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI
gastrointestinal
IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
UGI
upper gastrointestinal
