Chap 9: Reproductive System Flashcards
fertilization
union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual
gamete
reproductive cell (spermatozoon in the male and ovum in the female)
neonate
infant from birth to 28 days of age
infertility
persistent inability to conceive a child
ova
female reproductive cells (ovum)
postpartum
occurring after childbirth
-partum
childbirth; labor
amni/o
amnion (amniotic sac)
-gen
forming, producing, origin
vagin
vagina
-rrhagia
bursting forth (of)
rrpaphy
suture
-tropin
stimulate
sperm
spermatozoa; sperm cells
crypt
hidden
-cide
killing
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck or uterus)
col/o
vagina
vagin/o
vagina
galact/o
milk
lact/o
milk
gynec/o
woman; female
hyster/o
uterus (womb)
uter/o
uterus (womb)
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruction
metr/o
uterus (womb); measure
nat/o
birth
oophor/o
ovary
ovari/o
ovary
perine/o
perineum
salping/o
tube (usually fallopian or eustachian (auditory) tubes)
vulv/o
vulva
episi/o
vulva
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
olig/o
scanty
orch/o
testis (testes)
orchi/o
testis
orchid/o
testis
test/o
testis
prostat/o
prostate gland
spermat/o, sperm/i, sperm/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
varic/o
dilated vein
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
pseudo-
false
-version
turning
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pergnancy
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear (offspring)
-salpinx
tube (fallopian or auditory tube)
-tocia
childbirth, labor
retro-
backward, behind
metri
uterus (womb)
candidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by candida albicans and characterized by a curdy or cheeselike discharge and extreme itching
cervictis
inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)
endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; also called leiomymoa
-oid
resembling
tox
poison
fistula
abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation
vesicovaginal
abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that results in severe urine loss from the vagina
gestational hypertension
potentially life-threatening condition of high BP; usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinurida
preeclampsia
nonconvulsive form of gestational hypertension that , if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia
eclampsia
convulsive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life-threatening to the mother, baby, or both
sterility
inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both tests; also called anorchia
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis
balan
glans penis
crypt
hidden
-spadias
slit, fissure
phim
muzzle
genit
genitalia
gon/o
seed (ovum or spermatozoon)
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than age 60
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
hypospadias
congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip
impotence
inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; also called erectile dysfunction
phimosis
stenosis or narrowing of the perpuitial orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
any disease affecting the male or female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; also called venereal disease
chlamydia
one of the most damaging STIs caused by the bacterium Chlymydia trachomatis, causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women
gonorrhea
contagious STI caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
herpes genitalis
infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery
syphilis
infectious, chronic STI characterized by a skin lesion (chancre) typically on the genitals, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long-term complications, including death if left untreated
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women
colp/o
vagina
hyster/o
uterus (womb)
salping/o
tube
lapar/o
abdomen
colposcopy
exam of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
laparoscopy
visual exam of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
mammography
radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
papanicolaou (pap) test
microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma
digital rectal examination (DRE)
exam of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate
an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissues where abnormalities are detected
cerclage
obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix
dilation and curettage (D&C)
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal at the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue for microscopic examination
hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy
surgical removal of the uterus, a fallopian tube, and an ovary
oophor
ovary
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor (lump) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
mastectomy
complete or partial excision of one or both breasts most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
modified radical mastectomy
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (axillary dissection)
radical mastectomy
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
total mastectomy
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin; also called simple mastectomy
reconstructive breast surgery
reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease; commonly possible immediately after mastectomy so that the patients awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place
tissue (skin) expansion
common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replaced with a more permanent implant
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place
tubal ligation
sterilization procedure that involves blocking both Fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis; usually performed on a male infant
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a resectoscope into a penis and through the urethra to chip away at prostatic tissue and flush out chips using an irrigating solution
antifungals
treat vaginal fungal infection, such as candidiasis
estrogens
treat symptoms of menopause (hot flashes, vaginal dryness) through hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
synthetic hormone used to correct a deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, or testosterone hormone; relieve symptoms of menopause; and prevent osteoporosis in women
oral contraceptives (OCPs)
prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy; also known as birth control pills
gonadotropins
hormonal preparation used to increase sperm count in cases of infertility
spermicides
method of birth control; destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
CS, C-section
cesarean section
D&C
dilation and curettage
HRT
hormone replacement therapy
IVF
in vitro fertilzation
LMP
last menstrual period
OB-GYN
obstetrics and gynecology
Pap
papanicolaou test
para 1, 2, 3
upipara, bipara, tripara (number of viable births)
PID
pelvic inflammatory disease
TAH
total abdominal hysterectomy
TRAM
transverse rectus abdominis muscle
TSS
toxic shock syndrome
TVH
total vaginal hysterectomy
BPH
benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy
DRE
digital rectal examination
PSA
prostate-specific antigen
TURP
transurethral resection of the prostate
GC
gonorrhea
HPV
human papillomavirus
STI
sexually transmitted infection
VD
venereal disease
