Chapter 12: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
arthritis
inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness
arthroplasty
surgery to reshape, reconstruct, or replace a diseased or damaged joint
articulate
site of contact between two bones; aka joint
contraction
shortening or tightening of a muscle
musculoskeletal
pertaining to muscles and the skeleton
radiography
production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
synovial fluid
lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane in the joint
fasci/o
band, fascia
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
leiomy/o
smooth muscle (visceral)
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
muscul/o
my/o
muscle
ten/o
tend/o
tendin/o
tendon
carp/o
carpus (wrist bones)
cervic/o
neck, cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
cost/o
ribs
carni/o
cranium (skull)
humer/o
humorous (upper arm bone)
metacarp/o
matacarpus (hand bones)
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of fingers and toes)
spondyl/o
vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
femor/o
femur
fibul/o
fibula
patell/o
patella
pelv/i
pelv/o
pelvis
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone, thumb side)
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
ankyl/o
stiffness; bent, crooked
arthr/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
lamin/o
lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
orth/o
straight
oste/o
bone
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
-clast
to break
-plegia
paralysis
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
dia-
through, across
peri-
around
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the muscles, leading to increasing weakness and deliberation, including Dechenne dystrophy (most common form)
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive fatigue and severe muscle weakness, particularly evident with facial muscles and ptosis of the eyelids
rotator cuff injury
injury to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons; aka musculotendinous rotator cuff injury
sprain
trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability, such as an eversion sprain that occurs when the foot is twisted outward
strain
trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; also called tendonitis
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting of the neck, aka wryneck
arthritis
inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain swelling, and commonly, changes in structure
gouty
arthritis caused by excessive uric acid in the body; aka gout
osteoarthritis
progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by bone spurs (osteophytes) and destruction of articular cartilage
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, systematic inflammatory disease affecting the synovial membranes of multiple joints, eventually resulting in crippling deformities and immobility
bunion
deformity characterized by later deviation of the great toe as it turns toward the second tow (angulation) with an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
carpal tunnel syndrome
pain or numbness resulting from compression of the medial nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass)
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
Ewing sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops form bone marrow, usually in long bones or the pelvis, and most commonly affecting adolescent boys
fracture
any break in the bone
ganglion cyst
noncancerous, jelly-like fluid-filled lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joins of the wrist or hands, but may also appear in the feet
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae; aka prolapsed disk
osteomyelitis
infection that encompasses all bone (osseous) components, including the bone marrow
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
Paget disease
abnormal bone destruction and regrowth of either one or several bones at numerous sits that results in deformity; most commonly occurs in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs; aka osteitis deformans
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; aka rachitis
sequestrum
fragment of a necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity in which the great tow is angles laterally toward other toes; aka clubfoot
spinal curvatures
abnormal deviation of the spine from its normal position that results in a misalignment or exaggeration in certain areas, as occurs in kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis
kyphosis
increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture; aka hunchback
lordosis
forward curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, leading to a swayback posture
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right that eventually causes back pain, disk disease or arthritis
spondylitis
inflammation of one or more vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammation disease of unknown origin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae; aka rheumatoid spondylitis
spondylolisthesis
partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first sacral vertebra; aka spinal cord compression
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its normal location within a joint, causing loss of function of the joint; aka partial dislocation
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, instill medications, or remove accumulated fluid from joints to relieve pain
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using thing, flexible, fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope, which contains a miniature camera and projects images on a monitor to guide instruments during procedures
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis or to correct a congenital deformity
total hip arthroplasty
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with protheses that are fastened into the bone; aka total hip replacement
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum
bone reabsorption
reduce the reabsorption of bones in treatment of weak and fragile bones as seen in osteoporosis and Paget disease
gold salts
treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system and preventing further disease progression
muscle relaxants
relieve muscle spasms, pain, and stiffness
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation in treatment of musculoskeletal conditions such as sprains and strains, and inflammation disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bursitis, gout, and tendonitis
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
Fx
fracture
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
L1, L2, to L5
first lumbar, second lumbar, and so on
MD
muscular dystrophy
MG
myasthenia gravis
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
THR
total hip replacement
