Chap 5: Cardio. system Flashcards
angioplasty
Surgical procedure that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow int he artery
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
-plasty
surgical repair
arteries
large blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
capillaries
microscopic blood vessels joining arterioles and venules
congenital
pertaining to presence of a disorder at the time of birth, which may result from genetic or environmental causes
veins
vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart
metabolism
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place within an organism
aneurysm/o
widening, widened blood vessels
-ectomy
excision, removal
aneurysm/ ectomy
excision of an aneurysm (to repair a weak area in the aorta that is likely to rupture if left in place)
aort/o
aorta
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
arter/o
artery
-itis
inflammation
scler
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
ather/o
fatty plaque
-oma
tumor
atri/o
atrium
-um
structure, thing
cardi/o
heart
-megaly
enlargment
coron/o
heart
-ary
pertaining to
phleb/o
vein
ven/o
vein
thromb/o
blood clot
-lysis
separation; destruction; loosening
varic/o
dilated vein
-ose
pertaining to; sugar
vas/o
vessel; vas deferens; duct
-spasm
involuntary contraction, twitching
vascul/o
vessel
-ar
pertaining to
ventricul/o
ventricle (of heart or brain)
inter-
between
-cardi
heart condition
-gram
record, writing
-graph
instrument for recording
-graphy
process of recording
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
tachy-
rapid
electr/o
electricity
cardi/o
heart
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
brady-
slow
endo-
in, within
-ac
pertaining to
epi-
above, upon
peri-
around
aneurysm
abnormal widening (ballooning) of a portion of an artery as a result of weakness in its wall, or it may be present at birth (congenital) – the larger the aneurysm becomes, the greater the risk of rupture
angina pectoris
mild to severe pain or pressure in the chest caused by ischemia; also called angina
arrhythmia
irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat; also called dysrhythmia
a-
without, not
rrhythm
rhythm
-ia
condition
fibrillation
arrhythmia in which there is rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or ventricles; usually described by the part that is contracting abnormally, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation
arteriosclerosis
thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls; also called hardening of the arteries
atherosclerosis
most common form of arteriosclerosis caused by accumulation of fatty substances within the arterial walls, resulting in partial and, eventually, total blockage
bruit
soft blowing sound heard on auscultation caused by turbulent blood flow
embolus
mass of undissolved matter (commonly a blood clot, fatty plaque, or air bubble) that travels through the bloodstream and becomes lodged in a blood vessel
embol
embolus (plug)
-us
condition, structure
heart block
disease of the electrical system of he heart which controls activity of heart muscle
first-degree (heart block)
atrioventricular (AV) block in which atrial electrical impulses are delayed by a fraction of a second before being conducted to the ventricles
second-degree (heart block)
AV block in which only some atrial electrical impulses are conducted to the ventricles
third-degree (heart block)
AV block in which no electrical impulses reach the ventricles; also called complete heart block (CHB)
heart failure (HF)
occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood flow to meet the needs of the body and can cause a number of symptoms, such as shortness of breath, leg swelling, and exercise intolerance
hypertension (HTN)
consistently elevated blood pressure, causing damage to the blood vessels and, ultimately, to the heart
hyper
excessive, above normal
-tension
to stretch
ischemia
inadequate supply of oxygenated blood to a body part as a result of an interruption of blood flow
isch
to hold back
-emia
blood
mitral value prolapse (MVP)
Structural abnormality in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve doesn’t close completely, resulting in a back flow of blood into the left atrium with each contraction
Murmur
abnormal sound heart on auscultation caused by defects int he valves or chambers of the heart
myocardial infarction (MI)
necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called heart attack
my/o
muscle
-al
pertaining to
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Failure of the ductus arteriosus (which connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch in a fetus) to close after birth, resulting in an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta
Raynaud disease
Severe, sudden vasoconstriction and spasm in fingers and toes followed by cyanosis after exposure to cold temperature or emotional stress; also called Raynaud phenomenon
rheumatic heart disease
Streptococcal infection that causes damage to the heart valves and heart muscle, most commonly in children and young adults
Stroke
Damage to part of the brain as a result of interruption of its blood supply caused by bleeding within brain tissue or, more commonly, blockage of an artery; also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Thromus
a stationary blood clot formed within a blood vessel or within the heart, commonly causing vascular obstruction; also called blood clot
thromb
blood clot
-us
condition, structure
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
formation of a blood clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most commonly in the lower legs
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
blood supply to part of the brain is briefly interrupted but doesn’t cause permanent brain damage and may be a warning sign of a more serious and debilitating stroke int he future; also called ministroke
Cardiac catheterization
insertion of a small tube (catheter) through a large vein or artery, usually of an arm (brachial approach) or leg (femoral approach), which is threaded through a blood vessel until it reaches the heart: used to inject a contrast medium for imagining, diagnosing abnormalities, obtaining blood samples, or measuring pressure within the heart, and often includes interventional procedures such as anioplasty and atherectomy
Cardiac enzyme studies
battery of blood tests performed to determine the presence of cardiac damage
Doppler ultrasonography
ultrasound technique that records blood flow velocity (speed) to image major blood vessels (arteries or veins in arms, legs, abdomen) to detect obstructions caused by atherosclerotic plaques in patients at risk for a stroke
Echnocardiography
ultrasound technique used to image the heart and evaluate how the heart’s chambers and valves are working to to diagnose and detect pathological conditions
echo-
repeated sound
electrocardiogrpahy
creation and study of graphic recordings (electrocardiograms) produced by electrical activity generated by the heart muscle; also called cardiography
holter monitor
Monitoring device worn by a patient that records prolonged electrocardiograph readings (usually 24 hrs) on a portable tape recorder while the patient conducts normal daily activities
stress test
electrocardiography (ECG) taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (typically using a treadmill) while measuring oxygen consumption
nuclear
ECG that uses a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow
troponin I
blood test that measures protein released int other blood by damaged heart muscle (not skeletal muscle) and is a highly sensitive, specific indicator of recent myocardial infarction (MI)
Angioplasty
surgery that opens a blocked artery by inflating a small balloon within a catheter to widen and restore blood flow in the artery
cardioversion
restoration of normal heart rhythm by applying an electrical counter shock to the chest using a device (defibrillator); also called defibrillation
-version
turning
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
bypass surgery in which peripheral veins are removed, and each end of the vein is sutured onto the coronary artery to create new routes around narrowed and blocked arteries, allowing sufficient blood flow to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
defibrillator
device used to administer a defibrillating electrical shock to restore normal heart rhythm
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)
surgically implanted electrical device that continuously monitors and corrects potentially fatal arrhythmias by delivering low-energy shocks to the heart; also called implantable cardioverter defbrillator (ICD)
automatic external defibrillator (AED)
portable computerized device that analyzes the patient’s heart rhythm and delivers an electrical shock to stimulate a heart in cardiac arrest
endarterectomy
surgical removal of the lining of an artery
end-
in within
-ectomy
excision, removal
carotid endarterectomy
removal of plaque (atherosclerosis) and thromboses from an occluded carotid artery to reduce the risk of stroke
endovenous laser therapy
treatment of large varicose veins in the legs in which a laser fiber is inserted directly into the affected vein to heat the lining within the vein, causing it to collapse, shrink, and eventually disappear; also called endovenous laser ablation (EVLA)
endo
in, within
ven
vein
-ous
pertaining to
sclerotherapy
chemical injection into a varicose vein that causes inflammation and formation of fibrous tissue, which closes the vein
valvuloplasty
insertion of a balloon catheter in a blood vessel in the groin through the aorta and into the heart to widen a stenotic (stiffened) heart valve and increase blood flow; also called percutaneous valvuloplasty
anticoagulants
prevent clotting or coagulation of blood
beta blockers
slow the heart rate and reduce the force with which the heart muscle contracts, lowering blood pressure
nitrates
relieve chest pain associated with angina and ease symptoms of heart failure (HF)
statins
reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and block production of an enzyme in the liver that produces cholesterol
thrombolytics
dissolve (lyse) blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
AED
automatic external defibrillator
AICD
automated implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
ASHD
arteriosclerotic heart disease
BP
blood pressure
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CT
computed tomogrpahy
CV
cardiovascular
CVA
cerebrovascular accident; costovertebral angle
EVLT
endovenous laser therpay; endoluminal laser therpay
HDL
high-density lipoprotein
HF
heart failure
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
MI
myocardial infarction
MVP
mitral vale prolapse
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
TIA
transient ischemic attack
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
