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Biology > Chapter 7 - Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

inversely proportional

-the smaller the volume of a cell, the larger the surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

Examples of cells that have exceptional dimensions

A

1) Nerve cell
- glial cells support and nourish them
2) Muscle cell
- has transverse tubule (T-tubule)

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3
Q

Sedimentation order by weight (differential centrifugation) of plant cells

A

Central vacuole => Nucleus => Chloroplast => Mitochondria => Endomembrane System => Plasma membrane => Ribosome

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4
Q

Sedimentation order by weight (differential centrifugation) of animal cells

A

Nucleus => Mitochondria => Endomembrane system => Plasma membrane => Ribosome

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5
Q

Genetic material of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacterial chromosome
-major genetic information

Plasmid
-accessory genetic information

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6
Q

Prokaryotic capsule

A
  • jelly-like
  • composed of polysaccharides to avoid host cell’s immune response
    e. g. smooth and rough type - smooth are pathogenic as they are difficult to detect
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7
Q

Mesosome

A
  • infoldings/invagination of the plasma membrane in bacteria

- role: DNA replication, cell division, excretion

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8
Q

Eukaryotic chromatin

A

30nm fiber

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9
Q

Nuclear lamina

A
  • cytoskeleton with net-like array on the inner membrane
  • made of intermediate filament (Structural support)
  • damage causes progeria (extreme aging in children)
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10
Q

Plant vs. animal cells

A

Plant

  • cell membrane + cell wall
  • organelles of chloroplast and central vacuole

Animal

  • only cell membrane
  • organelles of lysosomes and centrioles are present
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11
Q

Double membrane organelles

A

1) Nucleus
2) MItochondria
3) Chloroplast

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • densely stained region within the nucleus
  • non-membranous organelle
  • role: ribosomal assembly
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13
Q

Ribosome

A
  • made of rRNA + proteins
  • has large and small subunit
  • free or membrane-bound
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14
Q

Bound ribosome

A
  • attached to rER
  • produces secretary proteins (digestive enzymes, hormones)
  • chemical modification off proteins (glycosylation)
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15
Q

Free ribosome

A
  • freely floating in cytoplasm

- synthesizes cytoplasmic proteins (e.g. enzymes)

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16
Q

Endomembrane system

A
  • extensive network of membranous organelles
  • includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (rER, see), Golgi apparatus, lysosome, vesicles, plasma membrane
  • role: translocation and modification of molecules (nucleic acid, carbs, proteins, lipids) in and out of cells
17
Q

Transitional ER

A
  • end of smooth & rough ER

- exit site of proteins leaving the ER => go to Golgi apparatus for modification and packaging

18
Q

Rough ER

A
  • single membrane, has bound ribosomes

- role: produce and modify secretory protein

19
Q

Smooth ER

A

-single membrane, no ribosomes
-role:
lipid biosynthesis (steroid, triacylglycerol)
chemical modification of secretory protein
Ca2+ storage in muscle cell
Detoxification of toxic materials and drugs

20
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • stacks of cisternae (flattened sacs)
  • role: post office - receive proteins on cis side and sort/ship them through trans side, produces lysosome , polysaccharide biosynthesis
21
Q

Types of vacuoles

A

1) Central vacuole
- storage of waste materials (trash can)
2) Food vacuole
- produced by phagocytosis of WBC
- fuses with lysosome for food hydrolysis
3) Contractile vacuole
- regulates osmolarity in paramecium

22
Q

Peroxisome

A
  • membrane-bound organelle

- role: catabolism of long chain fatty acids and detoxify hazardous byproducts (hydrogen peroxide)

23
Q

Glyoxysomes

A

specialized peroxisome in plant seeds

-stores fat and lipid germination

24
Q

Types of cytoskeleton

A

1) Microtubule (thickets)
2) Intermediate filament
3) Microfilament (thinnest)

25
Q

Microtubule

A
  • thickest (25nm)
  • hollow tube
  • composed of tubule (dimer of alpha- and beta- tubule monomers)

Role

  • maintenance of cell shape
  • motility

example:
1) centrosome - non-motile microtubule (9+0)
2) cilia - motile microtubule (9+2), trachea
3) flagella - motile microtubule (9+2), sperm

26
Q

Intermediate filaments

A
  • middle size (10nm)
  • fibrous proteins coiled into cable
  • found in laminae and keratin (hair)

Role:

  • maintenance of cell shape
  • anchorage of nucleus
27
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • thinnest (7nm)
  • two intertwined strands of actin

Role:

  • ameboid movement - crawling found in pseudopodia of phagocytosis
  • cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells (circulation)
  • structural support of microvilli
  • cleavage furrow in animal cell
28
Q

Animal cell’s extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

1) Proteoglycan
2) Collagen
3) Fibronectin
4) Integrin

29
Q

3 types of cell junction

A

1) tight junction
2) desmosome
3) gap junction

Biology (25 decks)

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