Chapter 50 - Sensation and Movement in animal

Question 1

3 stages of of information processing (simple response pathway)

Answer 1

Sensory input - Integration - Motor output

Question 2

Two types of sensory receptor

Answer 2

Neuronal receptor (ex. olfactory receptor)
 : not only function as receptor but also makes the receptor potential
  passes the signal directly

Non neuronal receptor (most of sensory receptor)
: requires sensory signal transduction & neurotransmitter

Question 3

five types of sensory receptor (based on the stimulus)

Answer 3

1. mechanoreceptor ( ear, skin)
2. chemoreceptor (olfactory receptor)
3. electromagnetic receptor (in human eye)
4. thermoreceptor
5. pain receptor (nociceptor)

Question 4

structure and function of human ‘ear’

Answer 4

{outer ear - middle ear -inner ear}

Outer ear [pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane]
: pinna - the outer most ear structure.
auditory canal - convey the sound wave to tympanic membrane
tympanic membrane - ear drum, transfer the sound wave to middle ear.

Middle ear [ 3 ear stones (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window, Eustachian tube]
: 3 ear stones - transmit the vibration to oval window
oval window - convert sound wave to fluid wave (to inner ear)
round window - prevent echo
Eustachian tube - controls air pressure in ear, connected to pharynx

Inner ear [ cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canal ] FILLD WITH FLUID
: cochlea - snail like structure,
transmit the stimulus to nerve. (organ of Corti)
vestibule - detects linear acceleration ( cupulla=hair of hair cell)
semicircular canal - rotational acceleration recognition

Question 5

process of hearing

Answer 5

pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane -
- malleus - incus - stapes - oval window -
- cochlea
( pressure moves along the vestibular canal and tympanic canal,
this reaches basilar membrane -> hair cell moves -> causing potential difference -> neurotransmitter release )

Question 6

structure and their functions of human eye

Answer 6

sclera : connective tissue btw eye and orbit of skull
choroid : blocks the light
retina : inner layer, containing photoreceptors
fovea : center of focus
optic disk : exit of optic nerves, no photoreceptor on here
vitreous humor : fluid of eye
lens ( ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament ) : 렌즈
pupil : the gap btw iris
iris : extension of choroid, regulates amount of light by controlling pupil size
cornea : extension of sclera (transparent)

Question 7

distance vision and near vision (mechanism)

Answer 7

distance vision (Lens become thin)
 : relaxa of ciliary muscle, contraction of suspensory ligament

near vision (Lens become thick)
 : contraction of ciliary muscle, relaxation of suspensory ligament

Question 8

what happens when someone have problem in aqueous humor drainage?

Answer 8

lead to ‘glaucoma’ (녹내장)

Question 9

2 types of Photoreceptor cell

Answer 9

Rod celldistinguish light and dark
more sensitive
Rod&raquo_space; Cone
the pigment is called ‘rhodopsin’
light can change cis-retinal to trans-retinal
retinol (vitamin A) -> retinal -> rhodopsin

Cone cell
 : photopsin (pigment)
   distinguish color (only Red, Green, Blue)
   are concentrated at 'fovea'
   less sensitive

Question 10

signal transduction of visual information (light and dark condition)

Answer 10

• light convert cis-retinal to trans-retinal

: Light

• > Inactivation of rhodopsin ->
• > rod hyperpolarization ->
• > No release of glutamate (inhibitory neurotransmitter) ->
• > EPSP

: Dark

• > activation of rhodopsin ->
• > rod depolarization ->
• > glutamate release (inhibitory neurotransmitter) ->
• > IPSP

Question 11

five types of gustation?

which type of sensory receptor does gustation (taste) use?

Answer 11

: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
: chemoreceptor

the taste information is sent to the frontal lobe of the brain

Question 12

olfactory (smell) signal reception

Answer 12

: neuronal receptor
non-myelinated neuron (slow but accurate)
3% of human genome encode olfactory receptor ( 상당량)
synapse with olfactory bulb ( part of lymbic system)

Question 13

unit of skeletal M movement

features of skeletal muscle

Answer 13

• sarcomere (Z line - Z line)
• polynucleated
  striated muscle fiber (repeated patterns of actin & myosin fiber)

Question 14

where does Ca2+ binds in skeletal muscle & smooth muscle?

Answer 14

troponin complex (skeletal muscle)
calmodulin (smooth muscle)

Question 15

mechanism of skeletal muscle movement

Answer 15

signal comes -> sarcoplasmic reticulum release Ca2+ -> Ca ion binds to troponin complex ->

• > tropomyosin structure change -> reveals myosin head binding site ->
• > high energy state of myosin head binds to actin (myosin head binding site) ->
• > becomes low energy state and the head stroke towards to M band (middle of sarcomere)

ATP helps to detach myosin from actin and retrieve ‘low E state of myosin’ head to ‘high E state’

Question 16

rigor motif

Answer 16

if there is no biological sign, ATP will not be generated.

-> myosin and actin will not detach (muscle stays in contracted form)