Chapter 43 - Animal Transport System

Question 1

What are the 2 types of transport system in the body?

Answer 1

1) Circulatory system (bloodstream transporting gas, nutrients, waste materials)
2) Respiratory system (exchange of O2 and CO2)

Question 2

What are the 2 types of circulatory system?

Answer 2

1) Open circulatory system
- blood is not separated from tissue fluid
- e.g. found in arthropods, insects

2) Closed circulatory system
- blood always combined in blood vessels and separated from tissue fluid
- e.g. found in humans

Question 3

What is the advantage of closed circulatory system?

Answer 3

• open circulatory system has the disadvantage of having low blood pressure –> less efficient exchange
• closed circulatory system has high blood pressure, so there is efficient exchange

Question 4

What are the components of a closed circulatory system?

Answer 4

1) Muscular pump (heart)
2) Circulatory fluid (blood)
3) Blood vessels (veins and arteries)
(interconnection between exchange surface and interstitial fluid)

Question 5

single circulation & double circulation

Answer 5

1) Single circulation
e. g. in fish
- single pump
- mixed blood with poor O2 concentration is pumped from the heart
2) Double circulation
e. g. in amphibians, mammals
- two separate pumps
- this allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to be pumped separately on each side of the heart

Question 6

Pulmonary circuit

Answer 6

-lung to heart

(enters heart through pulmonary artery)

Question 7

Systemic circuit

Answer 7

-heart to body

(enters body through aorta)

Question 8

Characteristics of 2 chambered-hearts

Answer 8

• found in fish - single circulation
• only 1 atrium and 1 ventricle
• oxygen rich and poor blood is mixed

Question 9

Characteristics of 4 chambered-hearts

Answer 9

• found in mammals - double circulation
• 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• oxygen rich and poor blood are pumped completely separately

Question 10

Characteristics of 3 chambered-hearts

Answer 10

• found in amphibians, reptiles - double circulation
• 2 atria and 1 ventricle
• incomplete double circulation (oxygen rich and poor blood mixed)

Question 11

What is the flow sequence of blood?

Answer 11

deoxygenated blood from body > enters right atrium (through vena Cana) > right ventricle > pumped to lungs (through pulmonary artery) > oxygenated blood from lungs > enters left atrium (through pulmonary vein) > left ventricle > pumped to rest of the body (through aorta)

Question 12

human heart structure

Answer 12

4 chambers.
: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

4 valves
: 2 semilunar valves (each side of exit of ventricle)
2 AtrioVentricular valves (tricuspid at R, bicuspid at L)

2 nodes (electrical node)
\: SinoAtrial node & AtrioVentricular node

Question 13

pacemaker of heart

Answer 13

major - SA node

minor - AV node (secondary)

Question 14

Edema

Answer 14

: tissue swalling
problem with tissue fluid concentration (low albumin)

Question 15

normal osmolarity in human

Answer 15

300 osm/L

Question 16

types & features of blood vessel

Answer 16

artery : thick muscles and connective tissue, oxygen rich,
high blood pressure.

capillary : thin, less muscle and connective tissue, lowest
speed, largest surface area

vein : negative blood pressure, semilunar valve

Question 17

CO₂ & O₂ transport

Answer 17

majoir CO₂ transportation = by bicarbonate ion

minor CO₂ = by Carbamino hemoglobin

O₂ transport = by Hemoglobin [Hb(O₂)₄]

each hemogloblin has 4Fe²⁺

Question 18

heart rate regulation

Answer 18

pH detection (using CO₂ concentraion)

• body cell has low pH = acidic
• blood from lung (pulmonary vein) has high pH. = basic

pH detection at the carotid artery and hypothalamus.

Question 19

blood coagulation mechanism

Answer 19

1. platlet release thromboplastin

thromboplastin activates prothrombin

2. prothrombin -> thrombin
3. thrombin activates fibrinogen -> fibrin

blood clotting