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Biology > Chapter 5- Biological Macromolecules and Lipids (Done) > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Biological Macromolecules and Lipids (Done) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Order of abundance of macromolecules in our body

A

water > protein > lipids > nucleic acid > carbohydrate

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2
Q

4 premises of macromolecules

A

1) Polymeric chain of limited kinds (< 100) of monomers
2) Formed by covalent bond through dehydration/condensation
3) Giant size
4) Immense diversity

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3
Q

Anabolic reaction

A

Build up from small to big molecules
(dehydration/condensation)
-endothermic

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4
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Break down from big to small molecules

hydrolysis
- exothermic

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5
Q

Carbohydrate empirical formula

A

CnH2nOn or CnHn(OH)n

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6
Q

Role of carbohydrates

A

1) energy source (glycogen in animals, starch in plants)
2) molecular recognition in immune system
3) structural role (cellulose in plant cell wall, chitin in exoskeleton)

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7
Q

Aldehyde sugar

A

Aldose

  • can form ring structure more easily due to COH at the end
  • number of carbons and ring structure align (e.g. 6-carbon sugar glucose is a hexagon shape)
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8
Q

Ketone sugar

A

Ketose

-number of carbons and ring structure do not align (e.g. 6-carbon sugar fructose is a pentagon shape)

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9
Q

α-glucose

A

H (top), OH (bottom) on 1st carbon

-role: energy polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)

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10
Q

β-glucose

A

OH (top), H (bottom) on 1st carbon

-role: structural polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin)

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11
Q

Maltose

A

α-glucose (1-4) glucose

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12
Q

Sucrose

A

α-glucose (1-2) β-fructose

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13
Q

Lactose

A

β-galactose (1-4) glucose

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14
Q

1-6 glycosidic bond

A

branched structure

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15
Q

1-4 glycosidic bond

A

linear structure

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16
Q

Starch

A
  • energy storing carbohydrate in plants
  • α-glucose monomers
    1) amylose: 1-4 glycosidic bonds
    2) amylopectin: 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
  • both form amyloplast - organelle that stores starch
  • hydrophobic - don’t affect osmolarity
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17
Q

Amylose

A
  • type of starch
  • α-glucose monomers - energy storing carbohydrates in plants
  • 1-4 glycosidic bonds
  • 500-20,000 α-glucose monomers
  • form amyloplast - organelle that stores starch
  • hydrophobic - don’t affect osmolarity
18
Q

Amylopectin

A
  • type of starch
  • α-glucose monomers
  • energy storing carbohydrates in plants
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds (1-4 > 1-6)
  • form amyloplast - organelle that stores starch
  • hydrophobic - don’t affect osmolarity
19
Q

Glycogen

A
  • α-glucose monomers
  • energy storing carbohydrates in animals
  • forms 4kcal of energy per gram
  • 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds (1-6 > 1-4)
  • stored in liver, muscle, brain
  • hydrophobic - don’t affect osmolarity
20
Q

Cellulose

A
  • β-glucose monomers
  • structural carbohydrates in plant cell wall
  • 1-4 bonds
  • cross linked by H-bond
  • make microfibrils
21
Q

Chitin

A
  • β-glucose monomers combined with nitrogen-containing appendages
  • structural carbohydrates in exoskeletons (arthropods, cell wall of fungi)
  • 1-4 bonds
  • cross linked by H-bond
  • make microfibrils
  • strong and flexible - used in surgical threads
  • digested ONLY by bacteria
22
Q

3 types of lipids

A

1) Neutral fat (triacylglycerols)
2) Phospholipids
3) Steroids

23
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

also called neutral fat (neutral pH)

  • 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
  • bonded by 3 ester bonds

Role:

1) efficient storage of excess energy (9kcal per gram)
2) thermal insulator (subcutaneous layer, stored as adipose cells)

24
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic

insoluble in water

25
Q

Fatty acid

A
  • carboxyl group at the end (acidic properties)
    1) saturated F.A
  • no double bond
  • linear
  • high density (solid)
    2) unsaturated F.A
  • more than 1 double bond
  • has kinks (bending)
  • low density (plant and fish liquid oil)
26
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Breaking double bonds into single bonds
(stirring oil makes butter)
-converts tasteless liquid oils into tasty solid fat
-also leads to trans double bond fat (unhealthy), causing atherosclerosis (lipid deposits in blood vessel)

27
Q

Phospholipid

A

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group (PO4 2-)
(2 ester bonds)
-amphipathic (both hydrophobic and -philic) ‘

Role:
-form phospholipid bilayer (plasma membrane)

28
Q

Steroids

A
  • no glycerol, fatty acid or ester bonds
  • four fused rings: 3 hexagonal ring + 1 pentagonal ring
  • precursor = cholesterol

1) sex hormones: progesterone, testosterone, estradiol
2) corticoid hormones: mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid
3) vitamin D: absorption of Ca2+ in small intestine

29
Q

Cholesterol

A
  • acts as fluidity buffer in membrane
  • metabolized in liver and transported through blood
  • HDL (more protein, healthy) and LDL (less protein, unhealthy)
  • precursor of other steroids
30
Q

Function of proteins

A

1) enzymes
2) structure to cells and tissues
e. g. keratin, elastin, collagen
3) energy storage
e. g. casein, albumin
4) immune protein - antibody

31
Q

Draw amino acid structure

A 
carboxyl group (acidic) 
amino group (basic) 
-amphoteric properties
32
Q

Globular vs. fibrous shape of proteins

A

1) Globular
- water soluble
- charged or hydrophilic amino acids
e. g. enzyme, plasma protein
2) Fibrous
- water insoluble
- hydrophobic amino acids
e. g. keratin, collagen

33
Q

4 hierarchical level of protein structure

A

1) Primary structure
-linear sequence of amino acids
-only changed by mutation
2) Secondary structure
-stabilized by H-bonds
-forms:
α-helix (coiled) - H-bond between every 4th amino acid
β-pleated (folds) - H-bond between 2 antiparallel polypeptide backbone
3) Tertiary structure
-chemical interaction between side chains
ionic, hydrogen, covalent bonds (S-S crosslinks), hydrophobic interactions
4) Quaternary structure
-more than 2 polypeptides
-biological functional protein

34
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  • phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group and pentose sugar on either side (5th C and 3rd C)
  • N-glycosidic bond between 1st C in sugar and nitrogenous base
35
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
single rings
-one 6-membered ring

36
Q

Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine
Double rings
-one 6-membered ring and 5-membered ring

37
Q

A-T

A

2 hydrogen bonds

38
Q

Nucleoside

A

ribose sugar + base

39
Q

DNA double helix

A
  • two strand of antiparallel DNA strands

- winds around as a right-handed coil

40
Q

G-C

A

3 hydrogen bonds

41
Q

Phosphate-phosphate bonding

A

phosphoanhydride bridge

42
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A
  • caused by change in 6th amino acid of beta-1 subunit of hemoglobin (glutamate to valine)
  • reduces affinity and capacity for O2 transportation

Biology (25 decks)

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