Chapter 42 - Animal Digestive Systems

Question 1

Essential nutrients

Answer 1

1) 7~8 amino acids
2) unsaturated fatty acid
3) vitamins

Question 2

4 stages of food processing

Answer 2

1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Elimination

Question 3

Linoleic acid

Answer 3

-used to make steroid hormones

Question 4

Essential nutrients

Answer 4

1) 7~8 amino acids
2) unsaturated fatty acid
3) vitamins
4) mineral ions

Question 5

Vitamin B3

Answer 5

Niacin

-makes Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+), electron carrier

Question 6

Vitamin B5

Answer 6

Pantothenic acid

-component of coenzyme A in TCA cycle

Question 7

Vitamin B9

Answer 7

Folic acid

-involved in embryonic development of nervous system

Question 8

Vitamin B12

Answer 8

Cobalamin

-involved in absorption of minerals and production of nucleic acids

Question 9

Vitamin C

Answer 9

used in:

• connective tissue production
• antioxidant

-deficiency: causes scurvy (degeneration of skin and teeth)

Question 10

Vitamin A

Answer 10

retinol
retinol-retinal-rhodopsin (pigment of rod cell)
deficiency syndrome: night blindness

Question 11

Vitamin D

Answer 11

steroid hormone

• needed for Ca2+ absorption
• deficiency syndrome: rickets (bone deformities)

Question 12

Vitamin E

Answer 12

Tocopherol

-antioxidants - removes oxygen from free radical

Question 13

Vitamin K

Answer 13

Phylloquinone

-important in blood clotting

Question 14

Mouth

Answer 14

• ingestion
• mechanical digestion
• amylase (carbohydrate degradation enzyme)
• stratified squamous epithelium (으로 싸여있음)

Question 15

Digestive system

Answer 15

• organ system for food processing
• mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
• breakdown of food into smaller components (polymers to monomers) to be absorbed and assimilated

Question 16

Gastrin

Answer 16

A hormone released from stomach.
stimulate all 3 cells ‘chief cell, parietal cell, mocous cell’
chief cell : secretes pepsinogen
parietal cell : secretes H+ & Cl- ,these will activate pepsinogen to pepsin
mucous cell : secretes mucous

Question 17

stomach (structure, enzymes)

Answer 17

• has two sphincters (upper part and lower part), = muscular valve
• low pH = kill bacteria
• gastrin hormone release -> stimulates 3 cells in stomach
  chief cell -> secretes pepsinogen
  parietal cell -> secretes H+ & Cl- -> activate pepsinogen to pepsin
  mucous cell -> secretes mucous (protects inner lining of stomach)

-pepsin
: active form of pepsinogen, digestive enzyme for protein.

Question 18

small intestine

Answer 18

• release disaccharidase, peptidase, nucleosidase.
• most water absorption occur (not the rate)

3 parts (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
-Duodenum : first part of small intestine, most enzymatic hydrolysis occurs
(connected to stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas)
-jejunum & ileum : most absorption occurs

Question 19

pancreas

Answer 19

• both exocrine & endocrine (beta cell = insulin, alpha cell = glucagon)
• chymotrypsinogen, trypsinogen, amylase, lipase, nulease

Question 20

gall bladder

Answer 20

-bile storage and secret to duodenum

bile : emulsifiers for lipid (not a digestive enzyme), synthesized from liver (amphipathic steroid molecule)

Question 21

nutrient absorption in small intestine

Answer 21

• mainly occurs at jejunum and ileum
• micro villi makes the absorption surface larger
• H2O soluble nutrient : capillary- hepatic portal vein
• H2O insoluble nutrient (lipid) : lacteal - subclavian vein

Question 22

5 function of liver

Answer 22

• synthesize bile
• old RBC (Red Blood Cell) sorting
• glycogen storage (from glucose) = regulation of blood glucose lvl
• detoxification (SER)
• steroid synthesis (SER)
  : goes to steroid consuming cell with LDL
  consuming cell to liver (with HDL form)

Question 23

erythropoietin

Answer 23

hormone, secreted from kidney

bone marrow is target cell (for RBC synthesis)

Question 24

hormone regulation of small intestine

Answer 24

if the chyme reaches the duodenum
2 hormones are released (CCK & Secretin)
: cholecystokinin (CCK) hormone is released ->
-> stimulate pancreas (for digestive enzymes) & gall bladder (bile)

: Secretin, stimulate pancreas -> release bicarbonate ion (pH buffer)