Chapter 40 - The Animal Body Flashcards
What are the different types of tissue
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscle
4) Nervous
Convergent evolution
- features with similar functions but different evolutionary origin
- produces analogous structures
e.g. flight structures of insects & bats
Divergent evolution
- evolutionarily common origin, but development into different function
- produces homologous structures
e.g. arm structure of humans, cats, whale, bat (all serve different purposes)
What are the specialized exchange surfaces in the human body
1) respiratory system (lungs, bronchi, alveoli)
2) excretory system (nephron)
3) digestive system (microvillus)
epithelial tissue
- one of four tissue types
- covers outside of the body
- avascular - nourished by simple diffusion
- polarized - have apical and basal surface
role: barrier against pathogen, injury etc., exchange surface with environment
Types:
1) stratified squamous
2) simple squamous
3) columnar
4) cuboidal
5) ciliated columnar
connective tissue
- one of four tissue types
- most abundant
- sparse population of cells scattered through extracellular matrix (ECM)
- role: holds tissues/organs together in place
types of fiber
1) collagenous fiber - strength & flexibility
(tendon, ligament)
2) reticular fiber - join tissue to adjacent tissue
(connect skin to subcutaneous layer)
3) elastic fiber - makes tissue elastic, restores it to original shape
types of connective tissue:
1) loose connective tissue
- most prevalent
- has all 3 types of fiber
* adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
2) fibrous connective tissue
- dense in collagenous fiber
- tendon (connect muscle to bone), ligaments (connect bone to bone)
e. g. crucial ligament in knee
3) blood
- connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
- made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
4) bone
- mineralized connective tissue
- Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
5) cartilage
- cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
- collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
- no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow
muscle tissue
- one of four tissue types
- responsible for body movement
- composed of actin/myosin fibers
- polynucleated by fusion of myoblasts
1) smooth muscle
- no striations
- involuntary movement (autonomous nervous system)
- found in walls of visceral organ (e.g. blood vessel)
2) cardiac muscle
- striated
- involuntary movement
- has Y-shaped intercalated disk to synchronize contraction/relaxation of heart
3) skeletal muscle
- attach to bone by tendons
- responsible for voluntary movement (motor system)
- striated, polynucleated
- bulk up (increase in size, not number)
nerve tissue
- one of four tissue types
- receive, process, transmit information as electrical impulse
1) nerve cells - functional unit of nervous system
2) glial cells - supporting cells (nourish, replenish, insulate nerve cells)
Types of fibers in connective tissue
1) collagenous fiber - strength & flexibility
(tendon, ligament)
2) reticular fiber - join tissue to adjacent tissue
(connect skin to subcutaneous layer)
3) elastic fiber - makes tissue elastic, restores it to original shape
Types of connective tissue
1) loose connective tissue
- most prevalent
- has all 3 types of fiber
- adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
2) fibrous connective tissue - dense in collagenous fiber
- tendon, ligaments (connect bone to bone)
e. g. crucial ligament in knee
3) blood - connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
- made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
4) bone - mineralized connective tissue
- Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
5) cartilage - cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
- collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
- no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow
blood vessel
organ
osteoblast
bone forming cell
osteoclast
bone breaking cell
osteon
repeating unit of bone
bone growth plate
epiphyseal plate
loose connective tissue
- one of five types of connective tissue
- most prevalent
- has all 3 types of fiber
- adipose tissue - specialized loose connective tissue storing fat in adipose cells
fibrous connective tissue
- one of five types of connective tissue
- dense in collagenous fiber
- tendon (bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone)
e. g. crucial ligament in knee
blood
- one of five types of connective tissue
- connects interstitial fluid to the exchange surface
-made of plasma + blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelet)
bone
- one of five types of connective tissue
- mineralized connective tissue
-Ca, Mg, Phosphate ions combine into hard mineral with fibrous matrix
cartilage
- one of five types of connective tissue
- cushion between vertebrate bones (shock absorber - disk)
- collagen fibers embedded in chondroitin-sulfate (ECM)
- no neurons/blood vessels - recovery is very slow
Smooth muscle
- one of three types of muscle tissue
- no striations
- involuntary movement (autonomous nervous system)
- found in walls of visceral organ (e.g. blood vessel)
Skeletal muscle
- one of three types of muscle tissue
- attach to bone by tendons
- responsible for voluntary movement (motor system)
- striated, polynucleated
- bulk up (increase in size, not number)
Cardiac muscle
- one of three types of muscle tissue
- striated
- involuntary movement
- has Y-shaped intercalated disk to synchronize contraction/relaxation of heart
Regulator animals
animals that control their internal steady state in face of external changes
e.g. mammals
Conformer animals
animals that allow their internal steady state to change according to external changes
e.g. fish
trigger response
physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
e.g. shivering to raise body temperature
acclimatization
temporary shift to adjust external changes
e.g. fever - temporary shift in body temperature in response to infections
endothermy
using internal heat generated by metabolism
-homeotherm (constant, same)
e.g. birds, mammals
ectothermy
use external heat from environment
-poikilotherm - fluctuating body temperature
e.g. reptiles
poikilotherm
ectothermic organisms
-fluctuating body temperature
e.g. reptiles
homeotherms
endothermic organisms
-constant body temperature
e.g. mammals, birds
Type of thermoregulating organisms
1) endotherms (homeotherms)
2) ectotherms (poikilotherms)
hypothalamus
main control center of body temperature
-part of autonomous nervous system
stages of thermoregulation
-set point > stimulus > sensor > control center > response
Countercurrent heat exchange
transfer of heat/substance between 2 fluids flowing in opposite direction
-maximizing rate of exchange
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
minimum metabolic rate of a non-growing endotherm at room temp.
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
standard metabolic rate (SMR)
minimum metabolic rate of a fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature
torpor
adapted physiological state of decreased activity & metabolic rate in order to conserve energy
short term torpor - sleep
long term torpor - hibernation for energy saving (winter), estivation to save H2O (summer)
Estivation
Long term torpor in the summer
Hibernation
Long term torpor in the winter
