Chapter 7: Cell Growth & Development

Question 1

What is CELL GROWTH?

Answer 1

Depends on the genetic info in DNA to make structural/functional proteins (protein synthesis) for cell survival.

Question 2

How many chromosomes does a human have?

Answer 2

46

Question 3

What is a GENE?

Answer 3

A specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule. It directs the RNA production and protein synthesis.

Question 4

What dictates the formation of enzymes?

Answer 4

A gene. (done so by ribosomes)

Question 5

What molecules play a crucial role in protein synthesis and mitosis?

Answer 5

DNA & RNA

Question 6

A ______ directs RNA production and protein synthesis.

Answer 6

Gene

Question 7

DNA consists of _____ ______ and a _____ _________ backbone.

Answer 7

Base pairs, sugar phosphate

Question 8

RNA is composed of:

Answer 8

Sugar (ribose), phosphate, and nitrogen bases.

Question 9

mRNA

Answer 9

messenger RNA

Question 10

tRNA

Answer 10

transfer RNA

Question 11

rRNA

Answer 11

Ribosomal RNA

Question 12

AT | CG are called ________ pairs.

Answer 12

Obligatory/Complementary

Question 13

Where does protein synthesis occur?

Answer 13

ER & ribosomes

Question 14

How does the ‘master code’ for making protein get out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

Answer 14

2 steps of protein synthesis: transcription & translation.

Question 15

Which P.S step occurs in the nucleus between DNA and mRNA?

Answer 15

Transcription

Question 16

Which P.S step occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?

Answer 16

Translation

Question 17

Transcription

Answer 17

DNA unwinds and unzips. The single strand of mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA. mRNA is then edited and moves into cytoplasm.

Question 18

Translation

Answer 18

After transcription, mRNA associates with a ribsome (contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm. tRNA brings specific a.a to mRNA @ the ribosomes, and the type of a.a is determined by 3-base pair. Peptide bonds attach which results in polypeptide chain–>proteins.

Question 19

What is a CODON?

Answer 19

3 base pair sequence in translation in mRNA.

Question 20

What is an ANTICODON?

Answer 20

3 base pair sequence in translation in tRNA.

Question 21

What are the 2 types of DNA replication?

Answer 21

Mitosis & meiosis.

Question 22

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

Answer 22

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase

Question 23

Interphase

Answer 23

Resting phase–no cell division

Question 24

Prophase

Answer 24

Chromatin granules become organized to form chromosomes. They then form a linked strand called chromatids. Centrioles move to opposite ends of parent cell. Spindles form b/w centrioles. Nuclear envelop disappears freeing genetic material.

Question 25

Chromatids are held together by ___________.

Answer 25

Centromere

Question 26

What are the distinctive characteristics of each stage of mitosis?

Answer 26

``` Interphase-: Resting Prophase: Organization Metaphase: Chromosome alignment Anaphase: Cleavage furrow, beginning of cell division Telophase: Cell division completed ```

Question 27

Metaphase

Answer 27

Nuclear envelope & nucleolus have disappeared. Chromatids aling across centre of each cell, and centrioles have moved to opposite ends. Spindle fibres attach onto centromeres.

Question 28

What do spindle fibres resemble?

Answer 28

A network of tubules.

Question 29

"New" cells are called:

Answer 29

Daughter cells

Question 30

Cytokinesis

Answer 30

Beginning to divide cell into two daughter cells.

Question 31

Anaphase

Answer 31

Centromeres break apart and separated chromosomes are again called chromosomes (which are pulled to opposite ends of cell). Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase.

Question 32

Telophase

Answer 32

Cell division is completed and nuclei appear in each new cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear. Cytoplasm and organelles divide equally, and the cell grows and becomes functional.

Question 33

Neoplasm

Answer 33

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

Question 34

Meiosis

Answer 34

Diploid # of chromosomes in the immature cells is reproduced to the haploid # of chromosomes in the mature cells (gametes-sperm or ovum).

Question 35

Fertilization of an ovum and sperm leads to a diploid cell, called a ______.

Answer 35

Zygote

Question 36

Zygote will have ___ ____________________.

Answer 36

23 chromosomes from each parent.