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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 7: Cell Growth & Development > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cell Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is CELL GROWTH?

A

Depends on the genetic info in DNA to make structural/functional proteins (protein synthesis) for cell survival.

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2
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

46

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3
Q

What is a GENE?

A

A specific sequence of base pairs within a DNA molecule. It directs the RNA production and protein synthesis.

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4
Q

What dictates the formation of enzymes?

A

A gene. (done so by ribosomes)

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5
Q

What molecules play a crucial role in protein synthesis and mitosis?

A

DNA & RNA

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6
Q

A ______ directs RNA production and protein synthesis.

A

Gene

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7
Q

DNA consists of _____ ______ and a _____ _________ backbone.

A

Base pairs, sugar phosphate

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8
Q

RNA is composed of:

A

Sugar (ribose), phosphate, and nitrogen bases.

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9
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

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10
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA

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11
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA

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12
Q

AT | CG are called ________ pairs.

A

Obligatory/Complementary

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13
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

ER & ribosomes

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14
Q

How does the ‘master code’ for making protein get out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm?

A

2 steps of protein synthesis: transcription & translation.

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15
Q

Which P.S step occurs in the nucleus between DNA and mRNA?

A

Transcription

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16
Q

Which P.S step occurs in the cytoplasm and involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?

A

Translation

17
Q

Transcription

A

DNA unwinds and unzips. The single strand of mRNA forms along a segment of one strand of the unzipped DNA. mRNA is then edited and moves into cytoplasm.

18
Q

Translation

A

After transcription, mRNA associates with a ribsome (contains rRNA) in the cytoplasm. tRNA brings specific a.a to mRNA @ the ribosomes, and the type of a.a is determined by 3-base pair. Peptide bonds attach which results in polypeptide chain–>proteins.

19
Q

What is a CODON?

A

3 base pair sequence in translation in mRNA.

20
Q

What is an ANTICODON?

A

3 base pair sequence in translation in tRNA.

21
Q

What are the 2 types of DNA replication?

A

Mitosis & meiosis.

22
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telephase
23
Q

Interphase

A

Resting phase–no cell division

24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromatin granules become organized to form chromosomes. They then form a linked strand called chromatids. Centrioles move to opposite ends of parent cell. Spindles form b/w centrioles. Nuclear envelop disappears freeing genetic material.

25
Q

Chromatids are held together by ___________.

A

Centromere

26
Q

What are the distinctive characteristics of each stage of mitosis?

A 
Interphase-: Resting
Prophase: Organization
Metaphase: Chromosome alignment
Anaphase: Cleavage furrow, beginning of cell division
Telophase: Cell division completed
27
Q

Metaphase

A

Nuclear envelope & nucleolus have disappeared. Chromatids aling across centre of each cell, and centrioles have moved to opposite ends. Spindle fibres attach onto centromeres.

28
Q

What do spindle fibres resemble?

A

A network of tubules.

29
Q

“New” cells are called:

A

Daughter cells

30
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Beginning to divide cell into two daughter cells.

31
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres break apart and separated chromosomes are again called chromosomes (which are pulled to opposite ends of cell). Cleavage furrow develops at end of anaphase.

32
Q

Telophase

A

Cell division is completed and nuclei appear in each new cell. Nuclear envelope and nucleoli appear. Cytoplasm and organelles divide equally, and the cell grows and becomes functional.

33
Q

Neoplasm

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cells divide more than they should or do not die when they should.

34
Q

Meiosis

A

Diploid # of chromosomes in the immature cells is reproduced to the haploid # of chromosomes in the mature cells (gametes-sperm or ovum).

35
Q

Fertilization of an ovum and sperm leads to a diploid cell, called a ______.

A

Zygote

36
Q

Zygote will have ___ ____________________.

A

23 chromosomes from each parent.

Anatomy & Physiology (17 decks)

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