Chapter 11: The Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the functions of bones?

Answer 1

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage (calcium, phosphorus, etc)
Hematopoeisis (making blood)

Question 2

What are the 5 major types of bones? (according to their structure)

Answer 2

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Question 3

Long Bones

Answer 3

Cylindrical, longer than they are wide, enlarged ends that articulate with other bones. All bones except knee cap, wrist & ankle bones.

Question 4

Examples of long bones:

Answer 4

Femur, tibia, fibia, humerus, radius, and ulna

Question 5

Short Bones

Answer 5

Cube or box shaped. Examples are wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals)

Question 6

Flat Bones

Answer 6

Broad & thin with a flattened and often curved surface.

Question 7

What are eg. of flat bones?

Answer 7

Skull, scapula, ribs, and sternum

Question 8

Irregular Bones

Answer 8

Often clustered in groups; various shapes and sizes.

Question 9

Examples of irregular bones:

Answer 9

Vertebrae, hip and fascial bones

Question 10

Sesamoid Bones

Answer 10

Sometimes cattegorized as irregular bones. Number ans size can vary among individulas

Question 11

Examples of sesamoid bones:

Answer 11

Knee cap

Question 12

What are the parts of a long bone?

Answer 12

Diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, and periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum.

Question 13

Diaphysis (shaft)

Answer 13

Hollow tube; hard compact bone; strong and light. Main shaft of bone.

Question 14

Epiphysis (ends)

Answer 14

Contains spongy filled with red bone marrow. Provides attachments for muscles & stability to joints.

Question 15

Articular Cartilage

Answer 15

Thin layer, covers each end of the bone. “cushion”

Question 16

Periosteum

Answer 16

Strong, fibrous membrane; covers bone (not at joints). Attaches tendons to bones, contains osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and blood vessels.

Question 17

Which part of the long bone is essential for cell formations and survival?

Answer 17

Periosteum

Question 18

Periosteum is able to feel _______:

Answer 18

Pain

Question 19

Medullary Cavity:

Answer 19

Tube like hollow area inside diaphysic.

Question 20

In adults, medullary cavity is filled with ________ marrow which is rich in fat.

Answer 20

Yellow

Question 21

Endosteum (opposite of periosteum)

Answer 21

Thin fibrous membrane which lines the medullary cavity. It contains various types of bone cells.

Question 22

What are the 2 major types of CT make up the skeletal system?

Answer 22

Bones and cartilage

Question 23

In bone and cartilage, is there more matrix or more cells?

Answer 23

Matrix

Question 24

What are the 2 types of bones in the skeleton?

Answer 24

Compact and spongy bone

Question 25

Compact bones (dense):

Answer 25

Cylindrical structural units= osteons (or Haversian systems). The matrix is calcified and arranged in ring (concentric lamella ) that surround the central canal which contains blood vessels.

Question 26

Which type of bone is filled with calcium and hard?

Answer 26

Compact bones

Question 27

There are spaces within the hard layers of concentric lamella (lacunae). What lives in between?

Answer 27

Living bone cells–or osteocytes.
The lacunae are connected by tiny canals (canaliculi), that connect with the central canal in each osteon. This is how nutrients get from blood to osteocytes.

Question 28

What are bones covered by? Hint: its a fibrous sheath

Answer 28

Periosteum (blood vessels pass through)

Question 29

Spongy Bone

Answer 29

Found in end of long bones, and have a porous texture due to thin threads of bone called trabeculae (arranged to enhance strength).

Question 30

Osteo means ______.

Answer 30

Bones
Blast=immature, building, budding (osteoblast=form new bone)
Clast=breaking (osteoclast=reabsorb bone)
Cyte=cell (osteocyte=mature bone cells)

Question 31

What is bone marrow?

Answer 31

Type of soft diffuse CT (called myeloid). Site for production of blood cells. Found in medullary cavities of long bones and in the space of the spongy bone. 2 Types: Red and yellow (adult)

Question 32

Where is red marrow found in infant/child and adult?

Answer 32

Infant/child-almost everywhere

Adult-Femur, ribs, body of vertebrae, end of humerus, pelvis.

Question 33

What is yellow marrow?

Answer 33

Child-as child ages, red marrow turns to yellow.
Adults- Marrow cells are saturated with fat and no longer active in blood cell production. Can change to red marrow in times of reduced blood.supply (ex. anemia, radiation exposure, certain disease)

Question 34

Which cell digests bone matrix (bone reabsorption)? It is the normal bone growth, development, maintenance and repair.

Answer 34

Osteoclast

Question 35

Osteoclasts, responsible for ______ the bone. They regulate the amount of calcium deposited on the matrix.

Answer 35

Maintaining

Question 36

Endochondral ossification

Answer 36

Replacing cartilage tissue with bone tissue.

Question 37

What is the medical term for cartilage cell?

Answer 37

Chrondocyte

Question 38

What is the most common type of microscopic of cartilage?

Answer 38

Hyaline cartilage–covers the surfaces of articulating bones. It forms costal cartilage, rings of trachea and bronchi, tip of nose.

Question 39

What are the types of cartilage?

Answer 39

Elastic, hyaline and fibrocartilage

Question 40

Elastic cartilage

Answer 40

Elastic and resilient. Ex. External ear, epiglottis, auditory tube (connects middle ear to nasal cavity)

Question 41

Fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage)

Answer 41

Strong and rigid. Ex. pubis symphysism intervertebral discs, where large tendons join bones.

Question 42

Information

Bones:

Answer 42

Cells- osteocytes-in lacunae
Matrix- calcified and hard
Blood Vessels- Yes

Question 43

Information

Cartilage:

Answer 43

Cells- Chondrocytes-in lacunae
Matrix- Gel like and rubbery
Blood Vessels- No