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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

_______: removing and destroying all microbial life

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

____ _______: Killing Clostridium botulinum endospores from canned goods

A

Commercial sterilization

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3
Q

_______: destroying harmful microorganisms

A

Disinfection

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4
Q

______: destroying harmful microorganisms from living tissue (antiseptic)

A

Antisepsis

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5
Q

What is degerming?

A

The mechanical removal of microbes from a limited area

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6
Q

What is sanitization?

A

lowering microbial counts on eating utensils to safe levels

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7
Q

Biocide (germicide) is what?

A

Treatments that kill microbes

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8
Q

Name two germicides

A

Fungicide and virucide

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9
Q

What does Virucide do?

A

Inactivates viruses

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10
Q

What does bacteriostasis do?

A

Inhibits growth and multiplication of microbes

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11
Q

What is a problem with bacteriostasis?

A

Once a bacteriostatic agent is removed, growth might resume

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12
Q

What are the three main ways various agents kill or inhibit microbes?

A

Alteration of membrane permeability, damage to proteins, and damage to nucleic acids

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13
Q

One way agents kill or inhibit microbes is through altering the membrane permeability. What does this cause?

A

Lysis or death

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14
Q

One way agents kill or inhibit microbes is by damaging the proteins. How does this happen?

A

Proteins are denatured by heat and chemicals.

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15
Q

One way agents kill or inhibit microbes is by damaging the nucleic acids. How does this work?

A

Damage is caused by heat, chemicals, and UV. Microbes then cannot replicate or make protein

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16
Q

Bacteria usually die at a ______ rate

A

constant

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17
Q

Which four factors affect the death rate of microbes?

A
  1. Number of microbes
  2. Environmental influences
  3. Time of exposure
  4. Characteristics of microbe
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18
Q

The more microbes present, the longer it takes to kill them. True or False

A

True

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19
Q

What are the four environmental factors that affect the death rate?

A
  1. Presence of organic matter
  2. Biofilms
  3. Nature of suspending medium (heat tx)
  4. Temperature
20
Q

Chemical antimicrobials require what?

A

Extended time (affects death rate)

21
Q

What are the main four environmental factors that affect the growth of microorganisms

A
  1. Heat
  2. Filtration
  3. Radiation
  4. osmotic pressure
22
Q

Thermal death point?

A

lowest temperature at which all microbes in a particular liquid suspension will be killed in 10 minutes

23
Q

Thermal death time?

A

Minimal length of time for all microbes in a liquid culture to be killed in a given temperature

24
Q

Decimal reduction time

A
25
Q

____ heat kills by oxidation effects

A

Dry

26
Q

What does direct flaming do?

A

Sterilizes inoculating loops

27
Q

What is hot air sterilization?

A
  1. Items placed in oven.

2. 170 celsius maintained for two hours ensures sterilization

28
Q

What temperature does hot air sterilization require

A

170 celsius

29
Q

Free flowing steam sterilization is also called

A

autoclaving

30
Q

Boiling, a type of moist heat sterilization is also considered _______

A

pasteurization

31
Q

Moist heat sterilization does what?

A

Coagulates and denatures proteins

32
Q

What are the requirements for autoclaving

A

121 celsius at 15 psi for 15 minutes

33
Q

Using an _______ kills all organisms and endospores

A

autoclave

34
Q

Does pasteurization use extreme or mild heat to kill microbes?

A

Mild

35
Q

Why does pasteurization use mild heating to kill microbes?

A

To not damage the taste of the product

36
Q

The ______ test is used to see if a product has been pasteurized correctly. The thing they’re testing will be inactive

A

Phosphatase

37
Q

If Phosphatase is present in a gallon of milk, was it pasteurized correctly?

A

No

38
Q

Milk is pasteurized at ___ celsius for 15 minutes

A

75

39
Q

______ is the passage of substance through a screen like material

A

Filtration

40
Q

HEPA stands for

A

High-efficiency particulate air filters

41
Q

_____ filters remove microbes > 0.22 um and .45 um

A

Membrane

42
Q

_____ filters remove microbes that are > .3 um in diameter

A

HEPA

43
Q

Which filter can you purchase if you want filter out viruses and large proteins at .01um

A

Membrane filters

44
Q

Which bacteria and mycoplasma can still pass through filters?

A

Flexible bacteria like spirochetes and wall-less mycoplasma

45
Q

What is the difference between slow and fast freezing when considering killing bacteria

A

Fast freezing is not as harmful; the microbe will go dormant. Slow freezing is more harmful due to ice crystals disrupting cellular and molecular structure

Microbiology (14 decks)

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