Chapter 18 Practical applications Flashcards
A ______ is a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity
vaccine
What is the most desirable method of disease control?
Vaccines
_____ prevent targeted disease from ever occuring
vaccines
Are vaccines the only feasible method of controlling viral disease?
Yes
What is immunity?
Ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin
____ is the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.
Herd immunity
What are the four sub-types of vaccines?
- Live attenuated Vax
- Killed vaccines
- Subunit vaccines
- DNA vaccines
LAV are prepared using….
a living pathogen with reduced virulence
What does attenuation mean?
Deliberate weakening
How do you attenuate LAV’s?
Extended period of maintaining the virus in a cell culture leads to attenuation
Pros of LAV’s?
- Closely mimics actual infection
- Pathogen reproduces in host, including humoral and cellular immunity
- Lifelong immunity (95% effectiveness rate)
Cons of LAV’s?
- Might mutate to more pathogenic form
2. Not good for compromised or weak immune systems
____ ____ vaccines use whole microbes that have been killed
Inactivated killed vaccines
What two chemicals are used to kill the microbes for killed vaccines?
Formalin and phenol
____ ____ vaccines are kept intact so immune system can recognize
Inactivated killed vaccines
____ ____ vaccines destroy pathogen’s ability to replicate
Inactivated killed vaccines
What are the three examples of killed vaccines used in the power point?
Rabies, influenza, and polio
Pro of killed vaccines?
Considered safer than live vaccines
Cons of killed vaccines?
Risk of incomplete activation (needs repeated booster doses)
2. Only induces humoral immunity
_____ vaccines contain only selected antigenic fragments
Subunit
_____ ____ have bacteria or viral components
Subunit vaccines
_______ _____: genetically modified non-pathogenic microbes to produce the desired antigenic fraction
Recombinant vaccines
Example of recombinant vaccine?
Hepatitis B vaccine: viral protein coat on modified yeast
Pro of recombinant vaccine?
Avoids the need to use viral host cells
What are the three types of subunit vaccines?
- Conjugated
- Toxoids
- Virus-like particle vaccines
______ vaccines were recently developed for children’s poor immune response to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides
Conjugated
______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen eliciting an antibody response against toxin
Toxoid
Conjugated vaccines were recently developed for?
For children’s poor immune responses to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides
Tetanus, Diphtheria, and acellular pertussis are all _____ (sub unit) vaccines
toxoid
Example of conjugated vaccine?
Hib haemophilus influenzae type B
Which vaccines need boosters every 10 years to maintain full immunity?
Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis
With _____ vaccines, 2 components link together to create a stronger immune response
conjugated
Which subunit vaccine does not contain any viral genetic material (resemble intact viruses)
Virus-like particles
_____ vaccines combine polysaccharide + diphtheria proteins or tetanus toxoid
Conjugated
Example of virus-like particle subunit vaccine?
Human papilloma vaccine
Which vaccine has viral proteins produced on modified yeast where the proteins assemble themselves into a VLP?
Human papilloma
What are the two types of DNA vaccines?
Nucleic Acid and Recombinant vector
___ ____ vaccines are the newest
Nucleic Acid vaccines
Pros of nucleic acid vaccines?
Still recognized as foreign; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity
This vaccine is naked or encapsulated DNA that encodes from specific protein antigens
Nucleic Acid vaccines
With this vaccine, avirulent viruses or bacteria is used as delivery systems (or vectors)
Recombinant vector
With ____ ___ vaccines, the receiving cell will synthesize the protein
Nucleic acid
“Genetically modified: protein antigen” goes with:
Recombinant vector vaccines
Which vaccines are considered recombinant vector?
HIV, influenza, Hep C, ebola vaccine (expresses gylcoprotein from zaire strain)
How effective are DNA recombinant vector vaccines
70-100%
“Blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen” goes with:
Antibody
The study and use of antibodies is:
Serology
Can antibodies be seen directly?
No, fuzzy at 100,000x
_____ _____ are from a single hybridoma clone
Monoclonal antibodies
____ _____ are a combination of “immortal” cancerous B cells + antibody producing normal B cell
Monoclonal antibodies
______: produces antibody characteristics indefinitely
Hybridoma
How many types are approved for human therapy?
62
Example of approved MABS?
Multiple sclerosis, crowns disease, cancer, arthritis, asthma
What is molecular mimicry?
When two very different antigens share a common epitope
With ___ _____, antibody binds to antigen it was made against (and to the other antigen as well)
molecular mimicry
