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Microbiology > Chapter 18 Practical applications > Flashcards

Chapter 18 Practical applications Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A ______ is a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms used to induce immunity

A

vaccine

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2
Q

What is the most desirable method of disease control?

A

Vaccines

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3
Q

_____ prevent targeted disease from ever occuring

A

vaccines

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4
Q

Are vaccines the only feasible method of controlling viral disease?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is immunity?

A

Ability of an organism to resist a particular infection or toxin

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6
Q

____ is the resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population that results if a sufficiently high proportion of individuals are immune to the disease, especially through vaccination.

A

Herd immunity

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7
Q

What are the four sub-types of vaccines?

A
  1. Live attenuated Vax
  2. Killed vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
  4. DNA vaccines
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8
Q

LAV are prepared using….

A

a living pathogen with reduced virulence

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9
Q

What does attenuation mean?

A

Deliberate weakening

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10
Q

How do you attenuate LAV’s?

A

Extended period of maintaining the virus in a cell culture leads to attenuation

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11
Q

Pros of LAV’s?

A
  1. Closely mimics actual infection
  2. Pathogen reproduces in host, including humoral and cellular immunity
  3. Lifelong immunity (95% effectiveness rate)
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12
Q

Cons of LAV’s?

A
  1. Might mutate to more pathogenic form

2. Not good for compromised or weak immune systems

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13
Q

____ ____ vaccines use whole microbes that have been killed

A

Inactivated killed vaccines

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14
Q

What two chemicals are used to kill the microbes for killed vaccines?

A

Formalin and phenol

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15
Q

____ ____ vaccines are kept intact so immune system can recognize

A

Inactivated killed vaccines

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16
Q

____ ____ vaccines destroy pathogen’s ability to replicate

A

Inactivated killed vaccines

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17
Q

What are the three examples of killed vaccines used in the power point?

A

Rabies, influenza, and polio

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18
Q

Pro of killed vaccines?

A

Considered safer than live vaccines

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19
Q

Cons of killed vaccines?

A

Risk of incomplete activation (needs repeated booster doses)

2. Only induces humoral immunity

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20
Q

_____ vaccines contain only selected antigenic fragments

A

Subunit

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21
Q

_____ ____ have bacteria or viral components

A

Subunit vaccines

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22
Q

_______ _____: genetically modified non-pathogenic microbes to produce the desired antigenic fraction

A

Recombinant vaccines

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23
Q

Example of recombinant vaccine?

A

Hepatitis B vaccine: viral protein coat on modified yeast

24
Q

Pro of recombinant vaccine?

A

Avoids the need to use viral host cells

25
Q

What are the three types of subunit vaccines?

A
  1. Conjugated
  2. Toxoids
  3. Virus-like particle vaccines
26
Q

______ vaccines were recently developed for children’s poor immune response to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides

A

Conjugated

27
Q

______ vaccines contain inactivated toxins produced by a pathogen eliciting an antibody response against toxin

A

Toxoid

28
Q

Conjugated vaccines were recently developed for?

A

For children’s poor immune responses to vaccines based on capsular polysaccharides

29
Q

Tetanus, Diphtheria, and acellular pertussis are all _____ (sub unit) vaccines

A

toxoid

30
Q

Example of conjugated vaccine?

A

Hib haemophilus influenzae type B

31
Q

Which vaccines need boosters every 10 years to maintain full immunity?

A

Tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis

32
Q

With _____ vaccines, 2 components link together to create a stronger immune response

A

conjugated

33
Q

Which subunit vaccine does not contain any viral genetic material (resemble intact viruses)

A

Virus-like particles

34
Q

_____ vaccines combine polysaccharide + diphtheria proteins or tetanus toxoid

A

Conjugated

35
Q

Example of virus-like particle subunit vaccine?

A

Human papilloma vaccine

36
Q

Which vaccine has viral proteins produced on modified yeast where the proteins assemble themselves into a VLP?

A

Human papilloma

37
Q

What are the two types of DNA vaccines?

A

Nucleic Acid and Recombinant vector

38
Q

___ ____ vaccines are the newest

A

Nucleic Acid vaccines

39
Q

Pros of nucleic acid vaccines?

A

Still recognized as foreign; stimulates both humoral and cellular immunity

40
Q

This vaccine is naked or encapsulated DNA that encodes from specific protein antigens

A

Nucleic Acid vaccines

41
Q

With this vaccine, avirulent viruses or bacteria is used as delivery systems (or vectors)

A

Recombinant vector

42
Q

With ____ ___ vaccines, the receiving cell will synthesize the protein

A

Nucleic acid

43
Q

“Genetically modified: protein antigen” goes with:

A

Recombinant vector vaccines

44
Q

Which vaccines are considered recombinant vector?

A

HIV, influenza, Hep C, ebola vaccine (expresses gylcoprotein from zaire strain)

45
Q

How effective are DNA recombinant vector vaccines

A

70-100%

46
Q

“Blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen” goes with:

A

Antibody

47
Q

The study and use of antibodies is:

A

Serology

48
Q

Can antibodies be seen directly?

A

No, fuzzy at 100,000x

49
Q

_____ _____ are from a single hybridoma clone

A

Monoclonal antibodies

50
Q

____ _____ are a combination of “immortal” cancerous B cells + antibody producing normal B cell

A

Monoclonal antibodies

51
Q

______: produces antibody characteristics indefinitely

A

Hybridoma

52
Q

How many types are approved for human therapy?

A

62

53
Q

Example of approved MABS?

A

Multiple sclerosis, crowns disease, cancer, arthritis, asthma

54
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

When two very different antigens share a common epitope

55
Q

With ___ _____, antibody binds to antigen it was made against (and to the other antigen as well)

A

molecular mimicry

Microbiology (14 decks)

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