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Microbiology > Chapter 21: Diseases of skin and eyes > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Diseases of skin and eyes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four types of skin lesions?

A

Vesicles, bullae, macules, and papules

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2
Q

“small fluid filled lesions”

A

Vesicles

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3
Q

“Larger fluid filled lesions > 1cm in diameter”

A

Bullae

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4
Q

“Flat lesions. Often reddish”

A

Macules

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5
Q

“raised lesions”

A

Papules

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6
Q

What are papules called when they contain pus?

A

Pustules

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7
Q

Do rashes and lesions indicate an infection of the skihn?

A

Not necessarily

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8
Q

The skin is a dry, cool environment that mostly grows gram __ bacteria

A

+

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9
Q

Name this genus and species. “Forms irregular clusters like grapes.”

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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10
Q

This genus and species is the most pathogenic of its genus and can survive for months on surfaces

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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11
Q

This genus and species is a permanent resident of 20% of nasal passages and 60% carry it occasionally

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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12
Q

What does the pigmentation of staphylococcus aureus do?

A

Protects it against the effects of sunlight

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13
Q

What do specific surface proteins of S. aureus do?

A

Allow for host protein attachment

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14
Q

S. aureus is positive for which -ase?

A

Coagulase

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15
Q

Which toxins does S. aureus produce?

A

enterotoxins

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16
Q

____ _____ secretes protein that blocks chemotaxis of neutrophils to the infection site

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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17
Q

Staphylococcus is resistant to ________ and survives well within phago-lysosomes

A

opsonization

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18
Q

S. aureus entering the body through a natural opening like a hair follicle causes _____

A

Folliculitis

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19
Q

Folliculitis often occurs as ____

A

pimples

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20
Q

The infected follicle of an eyelash is called a ____

A

Sty

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21
Q

A _____ is an abscess, localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue.

A

Furuncle

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22
Q

Do antibiotics penetrate well into abscesses?

A

No

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23
Q

A _____ is a hard and round deep inflammation of tissue under the skin

A

Carbuncle

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24
Q

Carbuncle’s often exhibit symptoms of ____

A

fever

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25
Q

S. aureus entering through minor breaks in the skin can cause _____

A

Impetigo

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26
Q

How does impetigo heal?

A

Without treatment or scarring

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27
Q

Impetigo is a ______ and common form

A

nonbullous

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28
Q

What is the bullous impetigo called?

A

Scalded skin syndrome

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29
Q

What is scalded skin syndrome caused by?

A

Staphylococcus toxins

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30
Q

Exfoliative toxin A is _____ and toxin b is in _____ ____

A

Localized; distant sites

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31
Q

What does scalded skin syndrome cause?

A

Separation of skin layers

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32
Q

What pathogen causes toxic shock syndrome?

A

S. aureus

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33
Q

Describe TSS.

A

Life threatening, fever, vomiting, sunburn like rash, organ failure.

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34
Q

What mainly caused TSS?

A

Tampons being left in too long

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35
Q

Staphylococcus overgrowth from leaving tampons in too long causes which toxin to form?

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1). Forms at growth site and circulates in blood stream

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36
Q

What are the symptoms of TSS a result of?

A

The result of super antigenic properties of the toxin.

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37
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes usually grows in ____

A

chains

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38
Q

As streptococci grow, what happens?

A

Toxins and enzymes are secreted. Varies with species.

39
Q

Which type of toxins does S. pyogenes produce?

A

Hemolysins

40
Q

What three hemolysins are listed on the powerpoint?

A

Alpha-hemolytic, Beta-hemolytic, and gamma hemolytic.

41
Q

Hemolysin toxins of S. pyogenes are differentiated into…

A

into serological groups A-T antigenic carbohydrates in cell walls)

42
Q

Group A betaB strep (GAS) is the most common or least common of human pathogens?

A

Most common

43
Q

GAS produces _______, which lyse red blood cells and are toxic to neutrophyils

A

Streptolysins

44
Q

What are the three substances of GAS that promote rapid spread of infection by liquefying pus

A

Streptokinases, Hyaluronidase, and Deoxyribonucleases

45
Q

How many immunological types of GAS are there?

A

80

46
Q

The 80 different immunological types of GAS, in which some strains contain M protein, prevents activation of _____ and evades phagocytosis

A

Complement

47
Q

The different immunological types of GAS aids in adherence to what?

A

Mucous membranes

48
Q

GAS has a capsule of _____ acid in which few antibodies against the capsule are produced

A

Hyaluronic acid

49
Q

GAS can cause _____ (just like S. aureus can)

A

impetigo

50
Q

Impetigo affects the superficial _____ layer of skin

A

keratin

51
Q

______ is infection of the dermal layer of the skin

A

Erysipelas

52
Q

Describe erysipelas

A

Dermal layer infection. Reddish patches with raised margins. Can progress to local tissue and enter the blood stream.

53
Q

Which pathogen causes necrotizing fascilitis?

A

Group A beta strep (GAS)

54
Q

How many cases of necrotizing fascilitis occur yearly in US?

A

1,000

55
Q

What is the problem with treating NF?

A

It can destroy tissue as rapidly as the surgeon is removing it

56
Q

Why are broad spectrum antibiotics used to treat NF?

A

Multiple pathogens might be present

57
Q

Pyrogenic toxins produced by GAS with necrotizing fascilitis act as ______

A

superantigens

58
Q

Streptococcus ______ is also known as Group B beta strep (GBS)

A

agalatiae

59
Q

Colonization of GBS is _____ and ______

A

asymptomatic and intermittent

60
Q

Colonization of GBS is < __% of women vaginally and < ___% of adults intestinally

A

25% and 30%

61
Q

Colonization of GBS occurs in the intestines in less than ___ percent of adults

A

30%

62
Q

Colonization of GBS occurs vaginally in less than ___ percent of women

A

25%

63
Q

Infection of GBS occurs in newborn babies and which adults?

A

Pregnant women, elderly, and immunosuppressed patients

64
Q

Which genus and species causes acne?

A

Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium)

65
Q

What are the three types of acne lesions?

A

Comedonal, Inflammatory, and nodular cystic

66
Q

Nodular cystic acne is mild, mod, or severe?

A

severe

67
Q

Which acne is moderate

A

Inflammatory

68
Q

Which acne is mild

A

Comedonal

69
Q

Black heads are called _____

A

comedone

70
Q

White heads are called ____

A

comedos

71
Q

Inflammatory acne is treated with topical agents such as ______ acid

A

Salicyclic acid

72
Q

Inflammatory acne is considered a…

A

bacterial infection

73
Q

What is P. acne’s nutritional requirement?

A

Requires glycerol in sebum

74
Q

Metabolizing sebum forms ____ _____ acids

A

free fatty

75
Q

Metabolizing sebum forms free fatty acids. This causes what two actions?

A

Inflammatory response and the neutrophils secrete enzymes

76
Q

Which topical agents are not effective against inflammatory acne?

A

Clindamycin and erythromycin

77
Q

What are the clinical signs of Nodular cystic acne?

A

Inflamed lesions filled with pus deep within in the skin. Leaves scars

78
Q

Tx for Nodular acne?

A

Roaccutane, formerly known as accutane.

79
Q

Side effects of Isotretinoin? (roaccutane)

A

Teratogenic, IBS, ulcerative colitis

80
Q

Which species and genus has gram - rods?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

81
Q

____ ____ is widespread in soil and water

A

P. aeruginosa

82
Q

What random place is P. aeruginosa found?

A

Soap films and cap liner adhesives for containers

83
Q

_____ _____ is an opportunistic pathogen

A

P. aeruginosa

84
Q

What can cause you to catch Pseudomonas dermatitis?

A

Swimming pools, saunas, hot tubs

85
Q

What causes swimmers ear?

A

P. aeruginosa

86
Q

What are the five viruses of the skin given in lecture?

A
  1. Rubeola
  2. Rubella
  3. Varicella-Zoster virus
  4. small pox
  5. herpes simplex
87
Q

Rubeola is also known as ____

A

measles

88
Q

What am I?

  • extremely contagious viral disease
  • spread by respiratory route
  • incubation period of 10-12 days
  • dangerous disease…pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, and encephalitis
A

Rubeola (paramyxoviridae) measles

89
Q

Rubella is also known as _____

A

German measles

90
Q

What am I?

  • Milder than measles, often goes undetected
  • transmission by resp. route
  • incubation of 2-3 weeks
  • congenital rubella syndrome: maternal infection during first trimester
A

Rubella….German measles

91
Q

With congenital rubella syndrome, what percentage results in serious fetal damage?

A

35%

92
Q

What are the common effects of congenital rubella syndrome?

A

Deaf, heart defects, autism, and death

93
Q

What year was the rubella vaccine introduced?

A

1969

94
Q

With what vaccine are individuals 90% protected for at least 15 years?

A

Rubella..German measles

Microbiology (14 decks)

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