Chapter 3-4 Flashcards
1,000 nm = ____um
1
_____ is how big an image is displayed whereas ______ is the ability to distinguish fine detail
Magnification vs resolution
The bright field is:
A dark object on a bright background. Can add color with stains
Dark field:
A bright object on a dark background. No artificial color to view live cells
______ microscopy: utilizes antibodies
Florescence
With _____ _____, the cell is stained with fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes
florescence microscopy
Ocular lens times the objective lens =
Total magnification
What is the best resolution for light microscopes?
200nm
What is the practical limit for unaided eye?
20um
What is electron microscopy?
The use of waves of electrons instead of visible light
Using _____ means shorter wavelength waves than visible light
electrons
With ______ microscopy, you can magnify greater with smaller resolution
electron
What are the cons of electron microscopy?
- Must be performed in a vacuum
- Distorts blurred image of cell
- can only use dead cells
What is SEM? What does it stand for
Scanning electron microscopy. A sample is covered in a thin layer of gold. Produces a superficial image of surface structures
What are the advantages of SEM?
Magnification is up to 10,000x. Resolution is down to 10nm
What is TEM? What does it stand for?
Transmission electron microscopy. Used to study the interior of cells. Cell is sliced in 3 thin sections. Sections are covered with heavy metals
Advantages of TEM?
Magnification is up to 100,000x. Resolution is 10 pickometers.
Rods are called _____
Bacillus
Spheres are called ____
coccus
Spirals are:
Cell with one or more twists
Cell that takes on many shapes is called _______
pleomorphic
Cell that always has one shape _______
monomorphic
Diplo is to be in ___
pairs (diplococci)
Strepto is _____
chainlike (streptococci)
Staphylo are _____
clusters (staphylococci)
The different spiral types are _____, _____, and _____
vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete
The spiral type _____ are curved rods
vibrio
The spiral type _____ are rigid corkscrew
spirillum
The spiral type _____ are helical and flexible
spirochete
The external cell membrane of prokaryotic cell walls have a _____ structure that set cell shape
rigid
The prokaryotic cell wall is a carbohydrate called what?
Peptidoglycan
The peptidoglycan is composed of what 2 alternating sugar groups
NAM(N-acetylmuramic) and NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)
Acetylmuramic is also called _____
NAM
Acetylglucosamine is also called ____
NAG
______: an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria
Lysozyme
Gram _____ cell walls produce only a thin cell wall
Negative
Gram _____ cell walls produces two plasma membranes
negative
Gram _____ cell walls have a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space
Negative
Which gram has a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space?
Gram negative
With Gram _____ cell walls, the outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharide
negative
Gram _____ have very fragile cells
negative
Gram _____ are more common in moist, protective environments
Negative
Gram _____ are more resistant to immunity and chemcials
negative
Gram _____ cell walls have a single plasma membrane
positive
Gram _____ cell walls produce a thick layer of teichoic acid
+
Gram _____ are more stable cells
+
Gram _____ have open exposed environments
+
Gram _____ cell walls are toxin producers
+
______ are specialized “resting” cells
endospores
_____ form when essential nutrients are depleted
endospores
True _____ are found in gram positive bacteria
endospores
______ can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to chemicals
endospores
______: endospore formation
sporulation
______ is when the endospore returns to vegetative state
Germination
_____ has no cell walls and is the smallest known bacteria to grow and reproduce outside living host cells
Mycoplasma
______: the plasma membranes have lipids called sterols
Mycoplasma
_______ have acid-fast cell walls
mycobacterium
The acid-fast cell walls of ______ are a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to the peptidoglycan
mycobacterium
You can stain mycobacterium with _______
carbolfuchsin
______ is an external prokaryotic cell structure. Substances that surround cells.
Glycocalyx
______ is a viscous, gelatinous polymer. External to cell wall. Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides
Glycocalyx
What are the three types of glycocalyx
Capsule, slime layer, and extracellular polymeric substance(EPS), which helps form biofilms
Glycocalyx contributes to _______
virulence
The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because the ______ protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis
capsule
The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because of the ____ (biofilm importance)
EPS (extracellular polymeric substance)
_____ is an external prokaryotic cell structure that is a long filament used for motility
Flagella
What are the three parts of the flagella?
Filament, hook, and basal body
The ____ ___ of flagella consist of rods and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane
basal body
Peritrichous flagella:
Flagella all over body
Monotrichous and polar
One flagellum
Lophotrichous and polar
Many flagella
Amphitrichous and polar
flagellum from both ends
Flagella proteins are H antigens and distinguish among _____
serovars
_____ ______: are bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell. External prokaryotic structure.
Axial filaments
Axial filaments are also called____
endoflagella
Axial filaments are found in ______
spirochetes
Are axial filaments anchored at both ends of cell?
Only one end
