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Microbiology > Chapter 3-4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3-4 Flashcards

1
Q

1,000 nm = ____um

A

1

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2
Q

_____ is how big an image is displayed whereas ______ is the ability to distinguish fine detail

A

Magnification vs resolution

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3
Q

The bright field is:

A

A dark object on a bright background. Can add color with stains

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4
Q

Dark field:

A

A bright object on a dark background. No artificial color to view live cells

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5
Q

______ microscopy: utilizes antibodies

A

Florescence

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6
Q

With _____ _____, the cell is stained with fluorescent dyes called fluorochromes

A

florescence microscopy

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7
Q

Ocular lens times the objective lens =

A

Total magnification

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8
Q

What is the best resolution for light microscopes?

A

200nm

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9
Q

What is the practical limit for unaided eye?

A

20um

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10
Q

What is electron microscopy?

A

The use of waves of electrons instead of visible light

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11
Q

Using _____ means shorter wavelength waves than visible light

A

electrons

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12
Q

With ______ microscopy, you can magnify greater with smaller resolution

A

electron

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13
Q

What are the cons of electron microscopy?

A
  1. Must be performed in a vacuum
  2. Distorts blurred image of cell
  3. can only use dead cells
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14
Q

What is SEM? What does it stand for

A

Scanning electron microscopy. A sample is covered in a thin layer of gold. Produces a superficial image of surface structures

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15
Q

What are the advantages of SEM?

A

Magnification is up to 10,000x. Resolution is down to 10nm

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16
Q

What is TEM? What does it stand for?

A

Transmission electron microscopy. Used to study the interior of cells. Cell is sliced in 3 thin sections. Sections are covered with heavy metals

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17
Q

Advantages of TEM?

A

Magnification is up to 100,000x. Resolution is 10 pickometers.

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18
Q

Rods are called _____

A

Bacillus

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19
Q

Spheres are called ____

A

coccus

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20
Q

Spirals are:

A

Cell with one or more twists

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21
Q

Cell that takes on many shapes is called _______

A

pleomorphic

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22
Q

Cell that always has one shape _______

A

monomorphic

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23
Q

Diplo is to be in ___

A

pairs (diplococci)

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24
Q

Strepto is _____

A

chainlike (streptococci)

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25
Q

Staphylo are _____

A

clusters (staphylococci)

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26
Q

The different spiral types are _____, _____, and _____

A

vibrio, spirillum, and spirochete

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27
Q

The spiral type _____ are curved rods

A

vibrio

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28
Q

The spiral type _____ are rigid corkscrew

A

spirillum

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29
Q

The spiral type _____ are helical and flexible

A

spirochete

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30
Q

The external cell membrane of prokaryotic cell walls have a _____ structure that set cell shape

A

rigid

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31
Q

The prokaryotic cell wall is a carbohydrate called what?

A

Peptidoglycan

32
Q

The peptidoglycan is composed of what 2 alternating sugar groups

A

NAM(N-acetylmuramic) and NAG (N-acetylglucosamine)

33
Q

Acetylmuramic is also called _____

A

NAM

34
Q

Acetylglucosamine is also called ____

A

NAG

35
Q

______: an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria

A

Lysozyme

36
Q

Gram _____ cell walls produce only a thin cell wall

A

Negative

37
Q

Gram _____ cell walls produces two plasma membranes

A

negative

38
Q

Gram _____ cell walls have a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space

A

Negative

39
Q

Which gram has a space between the membranes called the periplasmic space?

A

Gram negative

40
Q

With Gram _____ cell walls, the outer membrane consists of lipopolysaccharide

A

negative

41
Q

Gram _____ have very fragile cells

A

negative

42
Q

Gram _____ are more common in moist, protective environments

A

Negative

43
Q

Gram _____ are more resistant to immunity and chemcials

A

negative

44
Q

Gram _____ cell walls have a single plasma membrane

A

positive

45
Q

Gram _____ cell walls produce a thick layer of teichoic acid

A

+

46
Q

Gram _____ are more stable cells

A

+

47
Q

Gram _____ have open exposed environments

A

+

48
Q

Gram _____ cell walls are toxin producers

A

+

49
Q

______ are specialized “resting” cells

A

endospores

50
Q

_____ form when essential nutrients are depleted

A

endospores

51
Q

True _____ are found in gram positive bacteria

A

endospores

52
Q

______ can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to chemicals

A

endospores

53
Q

______: endospore formation

A

sporulation

54
Q

______ is when the endospore returns to vegetative state

A

Germination

55
Q

_____ has no cell walls and is the smallest known bacteria to grow and reproduce outside living host cells

A

Mycoplasma

56
Q

______: the plasma membranes have lipids called sterols

A

Mycoplasma

57
Q

_______ have acid-fast cell walls

A

mycobacterium

58
Q

The acid-fast cell walls of ______ are a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to the peptidoglycan

A

mycobacterium

59
Q

You can stain mycobacterium with _______

A

carbolfuchsin

60
Q

______ is an external prokaryotic cell structure. Substances that surround cells.

A

Glycocalyx

61
Q

______ is a viscous, gelatinous polymer. External to cell wall. Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptides

A

Glycocalyx

62
Q

What are the three types of glycocalyx

A

Capsule, slime layer, and extracellular polymeric substance(EPS), which helps form biofilms

63
Q

Glycocalyx contributes to _______

A

virulence

64
Q

The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because the ______ protects pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis

A

capsule

65
Q

The glycocalyx contributes to virulence because of the ____ (biofilm importance)

A

EPS (extracellular polymeric substance)

66
Q

_____ is an external prokaryotic cell structure that is a long filament used for motility

A

Flagella

67
Q

What are the three parts of the flagella?

A

Filament, hook, and basal body

68
Q

The ____ ___ of flagella consist of rods and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

A

basal body

69
Q

Peritrichous flagella:

A

Flagella all over body

70
Q

Monotrichous and polar

A

One flagellum

71
Q

Lophotrichous and polar

A

Many flagella

72
Q

Amphitrichous and polar

A

flagellum from both ends

73
Q

Flagella proteins are H antigens and distinguish among _____

A

serovars

74
Q

_____ ______: are bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell. External prokaryotic structure.

A

Axial filaments

75
Q

Axial filaments are also called____

A

endoflagella

76
Q

Axial filaments are found in ______

A

spirochetes

77
Q

Are axial filaments anchored at both ends of cell?

A

Only one end

Microbiology (14 decks)

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