Chapter 1 Flashcards
________ include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses
Microorganisms
“A living organism too small to be seen with the naked eye”
microorganism
The _______ is a group of microbes that live stably on/in the human body
Microbiome
The ______ helps to maintain good health
microbiome
Can the microbiome prevent the growth of pathogenic microbes?
Yes
The ______ may help train the immune system to classify threats
microbiome
An adult is composed of 30 trillion ___ cells and harbors another 40 trillion ______ cells
body cells; bacterial cells
List two reasons why it is important to know about the microbiome
- Prevents diseases
2. helps to understand causes and transmission of disease to prevent epidemics
There are three domains based on cellular organization. What are they?
Bacteria, archaea, and eukarya
What are four subclassifications under eukarya?
Protists (protozoa and algae), fungi, plants, and animals (multicellular parasites)
Each organism has two names, the ___ and the ____ _____ (species)
genus; specific epithet
When handwriting an organism, what are the requirements?
Genus is capitalized, species is not. Both are underlined.
Which is multicellular, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
Which has DNA, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Both
Which has membrane bound organelles, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
Which is unicellular, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Both….although eukaryotes can be multicellular
Which has ribosomes, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Both
Which has a single nucleus, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
Which has a nucleoid, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes
Which has cell walls, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
both
Which is larger, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes
Is bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Prokaryotic
Prokaryotic means what?
“pre-nucleus”
Bacteria is unicellular or multi?
unicellular
How does bacteria divide?
via binary fission
_______ derive nutrition from organic or inorganic chemicals or photosynthesis
Bacteria
Bacteria can “swim” by….
By using moving appendages sometimes called flagella
Bacteria has _______ cell walls
Peptidoglycan
Archaea are prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic
______ lack peptidoglycan walls, and may lack cell walls entirely
Archaea
_____ live in extreme environments
archaea
Archaea include methanogens, halophiles, and thermophiles. What are halo and thermophiles?
Salt and heat lovers
Are Archaea known to cause disease in humans?
No
Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Fungi has ____ cell walls
chitin
____ absorb organic chemicals for energy
fungi
Fungi, which are eukaryotes, are multicellular but can be unicellular. Which common fungus is unicellular?
Yeast
_______ and mushrooms are fungi that are multicellular
mold
_____ consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
Molds
Protozoa are eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
______ absorb or ingest organic chemicals
Protozoa
Protozoa can be mobile via what?
pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
Are protozoa free living and parasitic?
Yes
How do protozoa reproduce?
Both sexually and asexually
______: derives nutrients from a living host
parasitic
Algae are from the kingdom _____
protista
Is algae Euk or Pro?
Eukaryotic
Algae has ______ cell walls
cellulose
Where is algae found?
In freshwater, saltwater, and soil
_____ uses photosynthesis for energy.
Algae
Does algae produce oxygen and carbohydrates
Yes
For algae, is asexual the only way to reproduce?
No, both sexual and asexual reproduction is possible
Viruses are cellular or acellular
acellular
Viruses consist of a ____ or ____ core
DNA or RNA
A viruses’ core is surrounded by what?
A protein coat
Viruses can only be replicated when…..
when they are inside a living host
Who invented the microscope?
Robert Hooke
What are animalcules?
Microbes
What is spontaneous generation?
The hypothesis that life arises from nonliving matter; a “vital force” is necessary for life
What is biogenesis?
The hypothesis that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells
Who discovered fermentation and pasteurization?
Louis Pasteur
_____ are responsible for fermentation
microbes
_____ is the microbial conversion of sugar to alcohol in the absence of air
fermentation
______ growth is also responsible for spoilage of food and beverages if what?
Microbial; if O2 is present, bacteria produce acid
What is pasteurization?
The application of high heat for a short period of time to kill harmful bacteria in beverages
Who brought about the Germ Theory of Disease, which is that many diseases are caused by microorganisms?
Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister’s work indicated what?
That organisms could be avoided to prevent disease
Who formed the basis of aseptic techniques: procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted organisms
Joseph Lister
What is chemotherapy?
Treatment of disease with chemicals
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
Mycology is the study of ______
fungi
What is parasitology?
Study of parasitic worms and protozoa
What is immunology
Study of immunity
What is virology?
Study of viruses
What is molecular genetics?
Studies the mechanisms by which microbes inherit traits
Bacteria convert carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus into forms used by ____ and ____
plants and animals
Algae uses ____ to produce food
CO2
Sewage is __% water
99
Bacteria degrades organic matter that is in _____
sewage
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as ____ and ____
oil and mercury
Bacteria degrade or detoxify pollutants such as ____ and ____
oil and mercury
What is biotechnology?
The use of microbes for practical applications such as producing foods and chemicals
What is recombinant DNA technology?
Enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins, vaccines, and enzymes. ex: gene therapy
What are biofilms?
Complex aggregation of microbes attached to each other and/or some usually solid surface
What are some of the emerging infectious diseases?
Zika virus disease, influenza, antibiotic resistant infections such as MRSA, VISA, and VRSA, and Ebola
