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Microbiology > Chapter 17: Adaptive > Flashcards

Chapter 17: Adaptive Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who proposed the theory of immunity?

A

Ehrlich

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2
Q

What year did Ehrlich propose the theory of immunity?

A

1890

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3
Q

______ are agents that are targeted by the adaptive immune system

A

Antigens

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4
Q

Antigens are composed of many small regions. Each is called an _____

A

epitope

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5
Q

What is the other name for epitopes?

A

Antigenic determinants

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6
Q

The best antigens are made of what?

A

Glyco proteins

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7
Q

an ______ is approximately 7 amino acids in size.

A

epitope

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8
Q

What is something specific about B and T cell recognizing epitopes?

A

Each individual B or T cell will only recognize one epitope ever

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9
Q

The epitope that activates the lymphocyte is what sets its ______

A

specificity

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10
Q

Antigen recognition is set _____ and forever during lymphocyte development

A

randomly

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11
Q

Are multiple epitopes recognized from a single large antigen?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Because multiple epitopes are recognized from a single large antigen, many different……

A

many different B and T cells are activated by that antigen

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13
Q

Epitopes first match to _____ cells, which is a fully functional lymphocyte that has not been activated

A

naive cells

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14
Q

How many different T cell specificity’s are there?

A

10^18

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15
Q

How many different B cell specificity’s are there?

A

10^15

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16
Q

How long does it take for an epitope to match to a naive cell?

A

18-36 hours

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17
Q

Is an epitope matching to a naive cell a rare or common event?

A

Rare

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18
Q

The specific ______ on a lymphocyte must bind to the correct epitope

A

receptor

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19
Q

Will most lymphocytes die as naive or activated?

A

Naive

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20
Q

____ ____ is where each newly activated lymphocyte will rapidly reproduce daughter cells

A

clonal expansion

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21
Q

Are there more T cell or B cell different cell specificity’s?

A

More T cell (10^18)

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22
Q

How many copies will a newly activated lymphocyte make of itself?

A

about 1,000

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23
Q

Does clonal expansion take more or less time than epitope match?

A

Same time…18-36 hours

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24
Q

The receptor that binds to the epitope is called….

A

Surface bound antibody (slg)

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25
Q

What is the short name for a surface bound antibody?

A

slg

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26
Q

What can bind to a naked, free floating antigen?

A

the slg (surface bound antibody)

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27
Q

Is antigen recognition set randomly or specifically?

A

randomly

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28
Q

What does a naive b cell need to become fully activated?

A

hormonal help

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29
Q

A naive B cell needs hormonal help to become fully activated. What help is that?

A

TH2–CD4+ (Th2 is the 2nd of 3 helper t cells)

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30
Q

_____ cells have a very large cytoplasm with a high amount of rough ER

A

plasma cells

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31
Q

Why do plasma cells have a large cytoplasm with a high amount of rough ER?

A

To be able to secrete 10,000 antibodies per second.

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32
Q

Plasma cells die after a few ____

A

weeks

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33
Q

CD5+ are:

A

T-independent B cells. Also called intraperitoneal B cells

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34
Q

CD5+ are activated by…..

A

large, repeating polysaccharide antigens

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35
Q

CD5+ intraperitoneal B cells do not need stimulation from….

A

CD4+ T cell hormones

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36
Q

T-independent B cells generally induce….

A

fairly weak immune responses.

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37
Q

Which cells are not active in children until about 2 years of age?

A

CD5+ intraperitoneal cells

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38
Q

Do T cells respond to free floating antigens?

A

No

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39
Q

What do plasma cells have a high amount of? along with what?

A

rough ER along with a large cytoplasm

40
Q

T cells can only be activated by…..

A

an antigen that has been processed by other cells

41
Q

Other cells chop up ____ and display them inside of a protein called ______

A

chop up antigens, display them on the inside of a protein called a MHC.

42
Q

MHC stands for

A

Major histocompatibility

43
Q

____ can only recognize the proper epitope if the fragment of an antigen is held in a molecule of MHC

A

T cells

44
Q

CD8+ cells recognize MHC __ and CD4+ cells recognize MHC __

A

CD8+ cells recognize MHC I and CD4 recognize MHC II

45
Q

CD8+ recognizes antigen held in which MHC?

A

Type I

46
Q

MHC I is expressed by which cell types?

A

Almost all

47
Q

MHC I displays fragments of ______ _____

A

cytoplasmic proteins

48
Q

A correct epitope match with CD8+ causes Tc to…..

A

kill the cell displaying the proper epitope.

49
Q

CD4+ T cells recognize epitope held in…

A

MHC II

50
Q

MHC II is expressed only in…

A

APC’s

51
Q

APCS are…

A

Antigen presenting cells

52
Q

List the APC’s

A

Dendritic cells, B cells ,and macrophages

53
Q

What do APC’s do?

A

Internalize the antigen and chop it into pieces and puts it on the outside of the cell

54
Q

Why is the antigen fragment displayed on the surface of the APC?

A

To recruit T cell help

55
Q

A correct epitope match with CD4 causes….

A

TH to dump stimulatory hormones on the cell that is displaying the proper epitope.

56
Q

What results in a more effective immune response?

A

A second exposure to the same antigen

57
Q

What is the exact mechanism of immune memory?

A

Still unknown.

58
Q

Formed memory cells can survive for _____

A

years

59
Q

Antibodies are secreted from ___ ___

A

plasma cells

60
Q

What shape are antibodies

A

Y-shaped

61
Q

____ are composed of 4 polypeptide chains

A

antibodies

62
Q

How much do antibodies weigh?

A

150kDa)

63
Q

What are antibodies called in blood plasma?

A

Gamma globulin

64
Q

The ___ of the antibody contains two variable regions

A

Top

65
Q

The ___ of the antibody, the stem, is called the constant region

A

bottom

66
Q

How many constant regions are there?

A

5

67
Q

What are the five different antibody constant regions?

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

68
Q

This antibody constant region is found in body secretions as dimers

A

IgA

69
Q

This antibody constant region is found on the surface of maturing and naive B cells

A

IgD

70
Q

What is the rarest antibody class?

A

IgE

71
Q

What is the most common class of antibody in blood plasma?

A

IgG

72
Q

What is the common antibody class for slg?

A

IgM (slg is surface bound antibody)

73
Q

Which antibody class is released as a pentamer? (J chain)

A

IgM

74
Q

Which antibody class is associated with allergies?

A

IgE

75
Q

This antibody constant region is sometimes found in blood plasma as monomer

A

IgA

76
Q

Which antibody class easily stimulates mast cells?

A

IgE

77
Q

Which antibody class has poor quality antibodies? what makes them poor quality?

A

IgM…Weak binding ability

78
Q

_____ can class switch to IgA, IgE or IgG later

A

IgM

79
Q

Which antibody class moves well out of the blood vessel and into tissue beds? (plasma to interstitial fluid)

A

IgG

80
Q

Which antibody class is the only one able to cross the placenta?

A

IgG

81
Q

Can antibodies by themselves kill or destroy?

A

No

82
Q

What do antibody’s do?

A

Recruit immune cells and use immune proteins to attack antigen

83
Q

What are the five ways antibodies recruit/use?

A
  1. Opsonization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Neutralization
  4. Complement activation
  5. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
84
Q

______ is when the antibody is attached to the foreign object, making it easier to phagocytize

A

Opsonization

85
Q

Which antibody recruitment/usage is being described?

“Antibodies use their two identical binding sites to bind multiple antigens”

A

Agglutination/Precipitation

86
Q

Which antibody recruitment/usage is being described?

“Antibody physically blocks toxin or pathogen from attaching to human cell”

A

Neutralization

87
Q

Which antibody protection/recruitment is difficult to accomplish in real life?

A

Neutralization

88
Q

Which antibody protection is the classical activation pathway for the complement cascade?

A

Complement activation

89
Q

The complement activation works using ___ and ____ ONLY.

A

IgM and IgG

90
Q

What does ADCC do?

A

Utilizes immune cells to attack labeled targets without using phagocytosis

91
Q

_____ is effective against very small antigens of bacterial toxins and virions

A

Neutralization

92
Q

The immune complexes associated with agglutination/precipitation enhance phagocytosis because….

A

Large masses are easier to find and grab. They contain multiple antigens that are then destroyed by a single event

93
Q

Which antibody class is most effective with agglutination/precipitation because of its multiple binding sites?

A

IgM

94
Q

Which antibody recruitment/usage is being described?

“A large mass of antigens and antibodies become heavy and sink”

A

Agglut/Precip

95
Q

The immune complex is associated with which antibody protection?

A

Agglut/precip

Microbiology (14 decks)

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