Chapter 7

Question 1

name some risk factors for disease (6)

Answer 1

exercise
diet
environment
lifestyle
genes
smoking

Question 2

what is a correlation?

Answer 2

when there is a link between two variables

Question 3

what is a casual mechanism?

Answer 3

explains how one factor influences anther through biological processes, eg smoking leads to cancer

Question 4

main difference between a communicable and a non-communicable disease

Answer 4

you can’t pass non-communicable diseases from person to person

Question 5

what is a tumour?

Answer 5

when cells grow uncontrollably and randomly

Question 6

what is a benign tumour

Answer 6

it isn’t cancerous but is formed inside membranes so it can’t invade other parts of the body

Question 7

why are benign tumours dangerous?

Answer 7

they can put pressure on organs or other vital parts of the body

Question 8

what is a malignant tumour?

Answer 8

a cancerous tumour that can spread around the body and infect other cells

Question 9

how can a malignant tumour spread?

Answer 9

cells break off and travel in the bloodstream to other areas of the body and continue growing to cause secondary tumours

Question 10

risk factors of cancer

Answer 10

smoking
obesity
UV exposure
severe viral infections

Question 11

how is cancer treated?

Answer 11

radiotherapy

chemotherapy

Question 12

what is radiotherapy

Answer 12

radiation destroys cancer cells to stop them multiplying

Question 13

problems with radiotherapy?

Answer 13

can damage healthy cells

Question 14

what is chemotherapy?

Answer 14

chemicals are used to destroy the cancerous cells

Question 15

drugs found in tobacco (3)

Answer 15

carbon monoxide
nicotine
tar

Question 16

why is nicotine so dangerous?

Answer 16

it gets people addicted to smoking

Question 17

why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?

Answer 17

it takes up space in RBCs so they cant carry as much oxygen

Question 18

why is it dangerous to smoke during pregnancy?

Answer 18

the women has to supply oxygen to the baby as well, so the baby doesn’t get as much and may not develop properly

Question 19

why is tar so dangerous?

Answer 19

it destroys alveoli and accumulates in the lungs, causing breathlessness

Question 20

how can smoking damage the heart? (3)

Answer 20

it narrows blood vessels - heart must work harder
nicotine makes it work harder - gets tired
increased blood pressure

Question 21

what is excess food stored as?

Answer 21

fat

Question 22

why is exercise so good for you? (3)

Answer 22

you have more muscle tissue = higher metabolism = less food stored as fat and more used for energy
lowers cholesterol = less fatty deposits in arteries
heart is fitter = better blood supply

Question 23

complications of fat (2)

Answer 23

type 2 diabetes

heart disease

Question 24

what is obesity and no exercise a risk factor for?

Answer 24

type 2 diabetes

Question 25

what part of your body filters alcohol from the blood?

Answer 25

liver

Question 26

diseases related to alcohol

Answer 26

cirrhosis of the liver - damaged liver cells cant do their job liver cancer - alcohol is a carcinogen brain damage

Question 27

why can alcohol cause brain damage?

Answer 27

it diffuses easily into the brain and affects bodily functions

Question 28

what is a carcinogen?

Answer 28

something that increases your risk of getting cancer

Question 29

why is it dangerous to drink alcohol during pregnancy?

Answer 29

it passes to the baby but the developing liver can't cope with it so the development of the baby is affected

Question 30

name 3 carcinogens

Answer 30

smoking alcohol ionising radiation

Question 31

how is ionising radiation a carcinogen?

Answer 31

the radiation penetrates into your cells, affecting function and causing mutations

Question 32

sources of ionising radiation (4)

Answer 32

the sun x-rays accidents in nuclear power plants in some areas it can be found in the soil, such as radon gas in cornwall

Question 33

What is a carcinogen

Answer 33

Something that increases your risk of cancer

Question 34

How can tar cause lung cancers

Answer 34

It breaks down the alveoli in the delicate lung tissue | Reduces SA to volume ratio of lungs which leads to breathlessness and death

Question 35

Why are people who do regular exercise normally healthier than those who don’t

Answer 35

Increased metabolism Fit heart Better blood supply Lower cholesterol

Question 36

What is cirrhosis of the liver

Answer 36

A disease that destroys liver tissue Replaced with scar tissue Can’t function properly

Question 37

What is a lifestyle factor?

Answer 37

Behavioural and social issues that impact on health