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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

a gland secretes a hormone to the blood stream
the blood carries the hormone to an organ
the organ carries out the desired action

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3
Q

differences between hormones and nerves (3)

A

nerves are very fast, hormones are slower
nerves act for a short time, hormones last longer
nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

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4
Q

what does insulin do?

A

controls blood glucose levels

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5
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

prepares body for fight to flight

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6
Q

examples of hormones (2)

A

insulin

adrenaline

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7
Q

what is the main gland in the endocrine system?

A

the pituitary gland in the brain

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8
Q

4 examples of hormones produces by pituitary gland

A

growth hormones in children
ADH
FSH
TSH

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9
Q

what is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

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10
Q

what is TSH?

A

stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine which controls metabolism

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11
Q

function of hormones produced by thyroid

A

controls metabolism

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12
Q

function of hormones produced by pancreas

A

controls glucose levels

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13
Q

function of hormones produced by adrenal gland

A

prepares body for fight or flight

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14
Q

function of hormones produced by ovaries

A

menstrual cycle

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15
Q

function of hormones produced by testes

A

sperm production

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16
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

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17
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it allows or restricts the movement of glucose into cells

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18
Q

what are gibberellins?

A

they initiate seed growth

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19
Q

what are plant shoots sensitive to?

A

light and gravity

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20
Q

what are tropisms?

A

the response of plants to light and gravity

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21
Q

what is the response of plants to light called?

A

phototropism

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22
Q

what is the response of lights to gravity called?

A

gravitropism

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23
Q

what is auxin?

A

a hormone that makes plants grow

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24
Q

what happens when a shoot responds to light?

A

auxin moves to the unlit side
makes this side grow more
unequal growth
shoot brands towards light

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25
what effect does auxin have on root hair cells?
inhibit growth
26
what effect does auxin have on shoot cells?
accelerated growth
27
what happens if there is no auxin in a plant?
no growth
28
what causes root cells to act towards gravity?
more auxin on lower side more growth on upper side shoot bends towards side with least auxin, facing down when shoot grows down, auxin is evenly spread
29
what causes shoot cells to grow up?
``` auxin gathers on lower side grows more on side with auxin bends upwards auxin is redistributed normally shoot continues growing up ```
30
what are cuttings dipped in to stimulate growth?
auxin
31
how is auxin used as a weed killer?
it makes the plant grow rapidly and uncontrollably
32
how does weed killer not affect crops?
narrow leafed crops don't absorb as much auxin as broad leaved weeds so they don't die
33
why are weed killers important?
kills competition so crops thrive
34
what are giberellins used for (3)
used in brewing industry to speed up germination of barley promotes flowering throughout the year increase size of fruit
35
what chemical is used to control the ripening of fruit?
ethene
36
one common cause of infertility
lack of ovulation
37
when and why does lack of ovulation occur?
women don't produce enough FSH to mature eggs in ovaries
38
how can lack of ovulation be treated naturally?
artificial FSH stimulates maturation of eggs | artificial LH can the be used to encourage ovulation
39
what does IVF stand for?
in vitro fertilisation
40
when is IVF used? (4)
no obvious cause of infertility if donor egg is used if oviducts are blocked man produces very few sperm
41
how does IVF work?
they give the mother FSH to mature eggs and LH to bring to point of ovulation they collect eggs and fertilise with sperm in a lab eggs grow into embryos embryos transplanted into uterus
42
advantages of IVF
allows couple to have baby
43
disadvantages of IVF (5)
``` very expensive not always successful can have health risks for mother increases chance of multiple pregnancy ethical issues ```
44
what is contraception?
a method that prevents sperm and egg meeting
45
what are the 6 main methods of contraception?
``` chemical intrauterine devices abstinence barrier hormonal surgical ```
46
how does abstinence work?
people don't have sex to avoid getting pregnant or don't have sex around ovulation
47
how does a barrier method work?
forms a physical barrier between sperm and egg
48
how do surgical methods of contraception work?
vasectomy (sperm ducts are cut and tied) | oviducts are cut and tied in women
49
how do copper IUDs work?
prevent embryos implanting into womb
50
how do hormonal IUDs work?
contain progesterone to stop lining of womb building up
51
examples of barrier methods
cervical cap | condom
52
how do chemical methods of contraception work?
they kill the sperm to stop fertilisation
53
how does the pill work?
contain oestrogen and LH stops production of FSH no eggs mature also stop lining thickening for embryo
54
how to remember 4 hormones involved in menstrual cycle
FOLP O and P = Ovaries F and L = pituitary gland
55
what are the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?
FSH Oestrogen LH Progesterone
56
where are oestrogen and progesterone made?
ovaries
57
where are FSH and LH made?
pituitary gland
58
how long does the menstrual cycle last?
28 days
59
function of FSH (2)
makes egg mature | stimulates release of oestrogen
60
function of oestrogen (3)
thickens womb lining stops release of FSH stimulates release of LH
61
function of LH (1)
ovulation
62
function of progesterone (1)
keeps womb lining thick
63
what does LH stand for?
luteinising hormone
64
why does the living of the womb build up?
to prepare for baby
65
main reproductive hormone in men
testosterone
66
3 similarities between puberty in girls and boys
growth spurt underarm hair brain matures
67
4 differences between puberty in boys and girls
boys happens later boys voice breaks girls breasts develop start menstruation
68
where is testosterone produced?
testes
69
function of testosterone
sperm production
70
what is menopause?
when a woman's supply of eggs runs out so she doesn't menstruate
71
what is negative feedback?
the body's attempt to restore optimum conditions when conditions change
72
what does thyroxine do?
controls metabolism
73
what happens when levels of thyroxine falls?
detected by sensors in the brain stimulates release of TSH from pituitary gland TSH stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid
74
what does TSH stand for and do?
Thyroxine stimulating hormone | stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid
75
changes that happen when adrenaline is released
increased heart rate boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain prepares body for fight or flight
76
is adrenaline controlled by negative feedback and why
no | you don't constantly need adrenaline, only in times of stress
77
cause of type 1 diabetes
genetics
78
cause of type 2 diabetes
lifestyle
79
when does type 1 diabetes occur
childhood/birth
80
when does type 2 diabetes occur
adulthood
81
treatment of type 1 diabetes
insulin injections allows glucose to be taken into body cells and converted to glycogen in liver stops levels getting too high also allows glycogen to be made back into glucose - stops levels getting too low
82
why is type 1 diabetes not always treated with insulin?
many other techniques such as pancreas transplant or pancreatic cells to make insulin diet weight exercise
83
treatment of type 2 diabetes
changing lifestyle to be more healthy | drugs can help insulin work better
84
what is type 1 diabetes
when the pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to monitor glucose levels
85
what is type 2 diabetes
when body doesn't respond to insulin
86
why isn't type 2 diabetes treated with insulin
body doesn't respond to it
87
why do you lose weight with type 1?
using fats as fuels rather than sugar
88
why do you urinate more with type 1
to excrete glucose
89
why are you thirsty with type 1
to replace water lost by urinating
90
why are you tired with type 1
no glucose for respiration for energy
91
what does insulin do and what happens without it
allows glucose into body cells rather than in blood | without it levels get too high in blood stream
92
what is glucose
sugar used in respiration
93
what is glycogen
how glucose is stored as a carbohydrate
94
what is glucagon?
a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose
95
what does your pancreas do after eating?
produces insulin to move glucose into cells rather than in blood
96
when is glucagon used?
when your blood sugar level is too low it converts glycogen back to glucose
97
name 3 plant hormones
ethene, auxin, giberellins
98
what is an endocrine gland?
secretes hormones directly into blood
99
why is the pituitary gland so powerful?
not only secretes hormones, but stimulates other glands to do so
100
what is an allele?
a form of a gene

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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