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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

a gland secretes a hormone to the blood stream
the blood carries the hormone to an organ
the organ carries out the desired action

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3
Q

differences between hormones and nerves (3)

A

nerves are very fast, hormones are slower
nerves act for a short time, hormones last longer
nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

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4
Q

what does insulin do?

A

controls blood glucose levels

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5
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

prepares body for fight to flight

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6
Q

examples of hormones (2)

A

insulin

adrenaline

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7
Q

what is the main gland in the endocrine system?

A

the pituitary gland in the brain

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8
Q

4 examples of hormones produces by pituitary gland

A

growth hormones in children
ADH
FSH
TSH

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9
Q

what is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

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10
Q

what is TSH?

A

stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine which controls metabolism

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11
Q

function of hormones produced by thyroid

A

controls metabolism

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12
Q

function of hormones produced by pancreas

A

controls glucose levels

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13
Q

function of hormones produced by adrenal gland

A

prepares body for fight or flight

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14
Q

function of hormones produced by ovaries

A

menstrual cycle

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15
Q

function of hormones produced by testes

A

sperm production

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16
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

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17
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it allows or restricts the movement of glucose into cells

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18
Q

what are gibberellins?

A

they initiate seed growth

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19
Q

what are plant shoots sensitive to?

A

light and gravity

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20
Q

what are tropisms?

A

the response of plants to light and gravity

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21
Q

what is the response of plants to light called?

A

phototropism

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22
Q

what is the response of lights to gravity called?

A

gravitropism

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23
Q

what is auxin?

A

a hormone that makes plants grow

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24
Q

what happens when a shoot responds to light?

A

auxin moves to the unlit side
makes this side grow more
unequal growth
shoot brands towards light

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25
Q

what effect does auxin have on root hair cells?

A

inhibit growth

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26
Q

what effect does auxin have on shoot cells?

A

accelerated growth

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27
Q

what happens if there is no auxin in a plant?

A

no growth

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28
Q

what causes root cells to act towards gravity?

A

more auxin on lower side
more growth on upper side
shoot bends towards side with least auxin, facing down
when shoot grows down, auxin is evenly spread

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29
Q

what causes shoot cells to grow up?

A 
auxin gathers on lower side
grows more on side with auxin 
bends upwards 
auxin is redistributed normally 
shoot continues growing up
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30
Q

what are cuttings dipped in to stimulate growth?

A

auxin

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31
Q

how is auxin used as a weed killer?

A

it makes the plant grow rapidly and uncontrollably

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32
Q

how does weed killer not affect crops?

A

narrow leafed crops don’t absorb as much auxin as broad leaved weeds so they don’t die

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33
Q

why are weed killers important?

A

kills competition so crops thrive

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34
Q

what are giberellins used for (3)

A

used in brewing industry to speed up germination of barley
promotes flowering throughout the year
increase size of fruit

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35
Q

what chemical is used to control the ripening of fruit?

A

ethene

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36
Q

one common cause of infertility

A

lack of ovulation

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37
Q

when and why does lack of ovulation occur?

A

women don’t produce enough FSH to mature eggs in ovaries

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38
Q

how can lack of ovulation be treated naturally?

A

artificial FSH stimulates maturation of eggs

artificial LH can the be used to encourage ovulation

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39
Q

what does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

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40
Q

when is IVF used? (4)

A

no obvious cause of infertility
if donor egg is used
if oviducts are blocked
man produces very few sperm

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41
Q

how does IVF work?

A

they give the mother FSH to mature eggs and LH to bring to point of ovulation
they collect eggs and fertilise with sperm in a lab
eggs grow into embryos
embryos transplanted into uterus

42
Q

advantages of IVF

A

allows couple to have baby

43
Q

disadvantages of IVF (5)

A 
very expensive
not always successful
can have health risks for mother
increases chance of multiple pregnancy
ethical issues
44
Q

what is contraception?

A

a method that prevents sperm and egg meeting

45
Q

what are the 6 main methods of contraception?

A 
chemical
intrauterine devices
abstinence
barrier
hormonal
surgical
46
Q

how does abstinence work?

A

people don’t have sex to avoid getting pregnant or don’t have sex around ovulation

47
Q

how does a barrier method work?

A

forms a physical barrier between sperm and egg

48
Q

how do surgical methods of contraception work?

A

vasectomy (sperm ducts are cut and tied)

oviducts are cut and tied in women

49
Q

how do copper IUDs work?

A

prevent embryos implanting into womb

50
Q

how do hormonal IUDs work?

A

contain progesterone to stop lining of womb building up

51
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

cervical cap

condom

52
Q

how do chemical methods of contraception work?

A

they kill the sperm to stop fertilisation

53
Q

how does the pill work?

A

contain oestrogen and LH
stops production of FSH
no eggs mature
also stop lining thickening for embryo

54
Q

how to remember 4 hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

FOLP
O and P = Ovaries
F and L = pituitary gland

55
Q

what are the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH
Oestrogen
LH
Progesterone

56
Q

where are oestrogen and progesterone made?

A

ovaries

57
Q

where are FSH and LH made?

A

pituitary gland

58
Q

how long does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 days

59
Q

function of FSH (2)

A

makes egg mature

stimulates release of oestrogen

60
Q

function of oestrogen (3)

A

thickens womb lining
stops release of FSH
stimulates release of LH

61
Q

function of LH (1)

A

ovulation

62
Q

function of progesterone (1)

A

keeps womb lining thick

63
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

luteinising hormone

64
Q

why does the living of the womb build up?

A

to prepare for baby

65
Q

main reproductive hormone in men

A

testosterone

66
Q

3 similarities between puberty in girls and boys

A

growth spurt
underarm hair
brain matures

67
Q

4 differences between puberty in boys and girls

A

boys happens later
boys voice breaks
girls breasts develop
start menstruation

68
Q

where is testosterone produced?

A

testes

69
Q

function of testosterone

A

sperm production

70
Q

what is menopause?

A

when a woman’s supply of eggs runs out so she doesn’t menstruate

71
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

the body’s attempt to restore optimum conditions when conditions change

72
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

controls metabolism

73
Q

what happens when levels of thyroxine falls?

A

detected by sensors in the brain
stimulates release of TSH from pituitary gland
TSH stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

74
Q

what does TSH stand for and do?

A

Thyroxine stimulating hormone

stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

75
Q

changes that happen when adrenaline is released

A

increased heart rate
boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain
prepares body for fight or flight

76
Q

is adrenaline controlled by negative feedback and why

A

no

you don’t constantly need adrenaline, only in times of stress

77
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

A

genetics

78
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

A

lifestyle

79
Q

when does type 1 diabetes occur

A

childhood/birth

80
Q

when does type 2 diabetes occur

A

adulthood

81
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections
allows glucose to be taken into body cells and converted to glycogen in liver
stops levels getting too high
also allows glycogen to be made back into glucose - stops levels getting too low

82
Q

why is type 1 diabetes not always treated with insulin?

A

many other techniques such as pancreas transplant or pancreatic cells to make insulin
diet
weight
exercise

83
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

changing lifestyle to be more healthy

drugs can help insulin work better

84
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to monitor glucose levels

85
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when body doesn’t respond to insulin

86
Q

why isn’t type 2 diabetes treated with insulin

A

body doesn’t respond to it

87
Q

why do you lose weight with type 1?

A

using fats as fuels rather than sugar

88
Q

why do you urinate more with type 1

A

to excrete glucose

89
Q

why are you thirsty with type 1

A

to replace water lost by urinating

90
Q

why are you tired with type 1

A

no glucose for respiration for energy

91
Q

what does insulin do and what happens without it

A

allows glucose into body cells rather than in blood

without it levels get too high in blood stream

92
Q

what is glucose

A

sugar used in respiration

93
Q

what is glycogen

A

how glucose is stored as a carbohydrate

94
Q

what is glucagon?

A

a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

95
Q

what does your pancreas do after eating?

A

produces insulin to move glucose into cells rather than in blood

96
Q

when is glucagon used?

A

when your blood sugar level is too low it converts glycogen back to glucose

97
Q

name 3 plant hormones

A

ethene, auxin, giberellins

98
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

secretes hormones directly into blood

99
Q

why is the pituitary gland so powerful?

A

not only secretes hormones, but stimulates other glands to do so

100
Q

what is an allele?

A

a form of a gene

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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