Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

a collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does the endocrine system work?

A

a gland secretes a hormone to the blood stream
the blood carries the hormone to an organ
the organ carries out the desired action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

differences between hormones and nerves (3)

A

nerves are very fast, hormones are slower
nerves act for a short time, hormones last longer
nerves act on a very precise area, hormones act in a more general way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does insulin do?

A

controls blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does adrenaline do?

A

prepares body for fight to flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of hormones (2)

A

insulin

adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the main gland in the endocrine system?

A

the pituitary gland in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4 examples of hormones produces by pituitary gland

A

growth hormones in children
ADH
FSH
TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is FSH?

A

follicle stimulating hormone

stimulates ovaries to make oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is TSH?

A

stimulates thyroid to make thyroxine which controls metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of hormones produced by thyroid

A

controls metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

function of hormones produced by pancreas

A

controls glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

function of hormones produced by adrenal gland

A

prepares body for fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of hormones produced by ovaries

A

menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

function of hormones produced by testes

A

sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where is insulin produced

A

pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does insulin do?

A

it allows or restricts the movement of glucose into cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are gibberellins?

A

they initiate seed growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are plant shoots sensitive to?

A

light and gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are tropisms?

A

the response of plants to light and gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the response of plants to light called?

A

phototropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the response of lights to gravity called?

A

gravitropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is auxin?

A

a hormone that makes plants grow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens when a shoot responds to light?

A

auxin moves to the unlit side
makes this side grow more
unequal growth
shoot brands towards light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what effect does auxin have on root hair cells?

A

inhibit growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what effect does auxin have on shoot cells?

A

accelerated growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happens if there is no auxin in a plant?

A

no growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what causes root cells to act towards gravity?

A

more auxin on lower side
more growth on upper side
shoot bends towards side with least auxin, facing down
when shoot grows down, auxin is evenly spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what causes shoot cells to grow up?

A 
auxin gathers on lower side
grows more on side with auxin 
bends upwards 
auxin is redistributed normally 
shoot continues growing up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are cuttings dipped in to stimulate growth?

A

auxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how is auxin used as a weed killer?

A

it makes the plant grow rapidly and uncontrollably

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does weed killer not affect crops?

A

narrow leafed crops don’t absorb as much auxin as broad leaved weeds so they don’t die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why are weed killers important?

A

kills competition so crops thrive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are giberellins used for (3)

A

used in brewing industry to speed up germination of barley
promotes flowering throughout the year
increase size of fruit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what chemical is used to control the ripening of fruit?

A

ethene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

one common cause of infertility

A

lack of ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when and why does lack of ovulation occur?

A

women don’t produce enough FSH to mature eggs in ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how can lack of ovulation be treated naturally?

A

artificial FSH stimulates maturation of eggs

artificial LH can the be used to encourage ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does IVF stand for?

A

in vitro fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

when is IVF used? (4)

A

no obvious cause of infertility
if donor egg is used
if oviducts are blocked
man produces very few sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

how does IVF work?

A

they give the mother FSH to mature eggs and LH to bring to point of ovulation
they collect eggs and fertilise with sperm in a lab
eggs grow into embryos
embryos transplanted into uterus

42
Q

advantages of IVF

A

allows couple to have baby

43
Q

disadvantages of IVF (5)

A 
very expensive
not always successful
can have health risks for mother
increases chance of multiple pregnancy
ethical issues
44
Q

what is contraception?

A

a method that prevents sperm and egg meeting

45
Q

what are the 6 main methods of contraception?

A 
chemical
intrauterine devices
abstinence
barrier
hormonal
surgical
46
Q

how does abstinence work?

A

people don’t have sex to avoid getting pregnant or don’t have sex around ovulation

47
Q

how does a barrier method work?

A

forms a physical barrier between sperm and egg

48
Q

how do surgical methods of contraception work?

A

vasectomy (sperm ducts are cut and tied)

oviducts are cut and tied in women

49
Q

how do copper IUDs work?

A

prevent embryos implanting into womb

50
Q

how do hormonal IUDs work?

A

contain progesterone to stop lining of womb building up

51
Q

examples of barrier methods

A

cervical cap

condom

52
Q

how do chemical methods of contraception work?

A

they kill the sperm to stop fertilisation

53
Q

how does the pill work?

A

contain oestrogen and LH
stops production of FSH
no eggs mature
also stop lining thickening for embryo

54
Q

how to remember 4 hormones involved in menstrual cycle

A

FOLP
O and P = Ovaries
F and L = pituitary gland

55
Q

what are the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH
Oestrogen
LH
Progesterone

56
Q

where are oestrogen and progesterone made?

57
Q

where are FSH and LH made?

A

pituitary gland

58
Q

how long does the menstrual cycle last?

59
Q

function of FSH (2)

A

makes egg mature

stimulates release of oestrogen

60
Q

function of oestrogen (3)

A

thickens womb lining
stops release of FSH
stimulates release of LH

61
Q

function of LH (1)

62
Q

function of progesterone (1)

A

keeps womb lining thick

63
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

luteinising hormone

64
Q

why does the living of the womb build up?

A

to prepare for baby

65
Q

main reproductive hormone in men

A

testosterone

66
Q

3 similarities between puberty in girls and boys

A

growth spurt
underarm hair
brain matures

67
Q

4 differences between puberty in boys and girls

A

boys happens later
boys voice breaks
girls breasts develop
start menstruation

68
Q

where is testosterone produced?

69
Q

function of testosterone

A

sperm production

70
Q

what is menopause?

A

when a woman’s supply of eggs runs out so she doesn’t menstruate

71
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

the body’s attempt to restore optimum conditions when conditions change

72
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

controls metabolism

73
Q

what happens when levels of thyroxine falls?

A

detected by sensors in the brain
stimulates release of TSH from pituitary gland
TSH stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

74
Q

what does TSH stand for and do?

A

Thyroxine stimulating hormone

stimulates release of thyroxine from thyroid

75
Q

changes that happen when adrenaline is released

A

increased heart rate
boosts delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain
prepares body for fight or flight

76
Q

is adrenaline controlled by negative feedback and why

A

no

you don’t constantly need adrenaline, only in times of stress

77
Q

cause of type 1 diabetes

78
Q

cause of type 2 diabetes

79
Q

when does type 1 diabetes occur

A

childhood/birth

80
Q

when does type 2 diabetes occur

81
Q

treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

insulin injections
allows glucose to be taken into body cells and converted to glycogen in liver
stops levels getting too high
also allows glycogen to be made back into glucose - stops levels getting too low

82
Q

why is type 1 diabetes not always treated with insulin?

A

many other techniques such as pancreas transplant or pancreatic cells to make insulin
diet
weight
exercise

83
Q

treatment of type 2 diabetes

A

changing lifestyle to be more healthy

drugs can help insulin work better

84
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to monitor glucose levels

85
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

when body doesn’t respond to insulin

86
Q

why isn’t type 2 diabetes treated with insulin

A

body doesn’t respond to it

87
Q

why do you lose weight with type 1?

A

using fats as fuels rather than sugar

88
Q

why do you urinate more with type 1

A

to excrete glucose

89
Q

why are you thirsty with type 1

A

to replace water lost by urinating

90
Q

why are you tired with type 1

A

no glucose for respiration for energy

91
Q

what does insulin do and what happens without it

A

allows glucose into body cells rather than in blood

without it levels get too high in blood stream

92
Q

what is glucose

A

sugar used in respiration

93
Q

what is glycogen

A

how glucose is stored as a carbohydrate

94
Q

what is glucagon?

A

a hormone that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen to glucose

95
Q

what does your pancreas do after eating?

A

produces insulin to move glucose into cells rather than in blood

96
Q

when is glucagon used?

A

when your blood sugar level is too low it converts glycogen back to glucose

97
Q

name 3 plant hormones

A

ethene, auxin, giberellins

98
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

secretes hormones directly into blood

99
Q

why is the pituitary gland so powerful?

A

not only secretes hormones, but stimulates other glands to do so

100
Q

what is an allele?

A

a form of a gene

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions