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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 3 💭 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 💭 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens when a cell differentiates?

A

It becomes specialised to carry out a particular job

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells working together for a similar function

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3
Q

What does muscular tissue do?

A

Contracts to move substances

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4
Q

Function of glandular tissue

A

Releases substances like enzymes and hormones

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5
Q

What is an organ?

A

A collection of tissues working to perform a specific function

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6
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers inside and outside of organs

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7
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Releases hormones to control blood sugar

Releases enzymes to digest food

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8
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs working together to perform a specific function

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9
Q

What are the main organs where food is digested?

A

Stomach and small intestine

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10
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood

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11
Q

How is the small intestine adapted?

A

Covered in villi for large SA
Rich blood supply
Short diffusion distance to blood vessels

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12
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Water is absorbed from undigested food into blood

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13
Q

Function of liver

A

Produces bike to digest lipids

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14
Q

What are carbohydrates made of

A

Units of sugar

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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15
Q

Formula for glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

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16
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids are fats (solids) and oils (liquids)

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17
Q

What are lipids made from?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

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18
Q

What is protein used for?

A

Growth

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19
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A

Energy

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20
Q

What are lipids used for?

A

Energy and insulation

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21
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

Amino acids

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22
Q

What chemical is used to test for sugars?

A

Benedicts solution

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23
Q

What colour does benedicts solution turn if there is sugar?

A

Brick red

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24
Q

What is used to test for carbohydrates?

A

Iodine

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25
Q

What colour does iodine turn on presence of starch?

A

Blue black

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26
Q

Which chemical is used to test for lipids?

A

Ethanol

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27
Q

What chemical is used to test for protein?

A

Biurets solution

28
Q

What colour does biurets turn in protein?

A

Purple

29
Q

What happens when a protein denatures?

A

Temperature is too high and shape changes so can’t carry out job

30
Q

Jobs of proteins

A

Act as:
Enzymes
Antibodies
Hormones

31
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

Speeds up reaction without being affected

32
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological catalyst

33
Q

How do enzymes work (lock and key theory)?

A

The active site of the enzyme bonds to the substrate

34
Q

What is a persons metabolism?

A

The speed of reactions in the body

35
Q

What is enzyme activity affected by?

A

Temperature and pH

36
Q

What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too high?

A

Denatures

37
Q

What is different about the digestive enzymes?

A

Works outside of cells

38
Q

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Amylase

39
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

40
Q

What enzyme catalysts breakdown of proteins?

A

Protease

41
Q

Where is protease found?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

42
Q

What enzyme catalysts breakdown of fats?

A

Lipase

43
Q

Where is lipase found?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

44
Q

What does digestion involve?

A

Breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into soluble substances

45
Q

What is bile used for?

A

Turns acidic mixture in stomach into alkaline for small intestine

46
Q

What are functions of bile?

A

Change pH

Breakdown (emulsify) fats

47
Q

Why is bile key in digestion of fats?

A

Emulsifies so there is a larger SA for lipase enzyme to act upon

48
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

49
Q

chemical formula of glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

50
Q

what is produced when carbohydrates are broken down?

A

sugars

51
Q

what is produced when lipids are broken down?

A

glycerol and fatty acids

52
Q

what is produced when proteins are broken down?

A

amino acids

53
Q

what is an enzyme made from

A

protein

54
Q

why do enzymes only catalyse one sort of reaction?

A

they have a specific active site

55
Q

what are the three jobs that enzymes do to control metabolism?

A

build large molecules from smaller ones, eg making starch from glucose
changing one molecule into another, eg glucose to fructose
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, eg
carbohydrates into sugars

56
Q

optimum temperature for catalysts

A

37 degrees (human body)

57
Q

where is bile made?

A

liver

58
Q

What are proteins used for in body? 2

A

Building up cells and tissues of body

Act as basis of all enzymes

59
Q

What decides whether a lipid will be liquid or solid?

A

Different combination of fatty acids

60
Q

Function of salivary glands

A

Produce amylase in saliva

61
Q

Function of rectum

A

Where faeces are stored before excretion

62
Q

Function of gall bladder

A

Store bike to release into small intestine

63
Q

What happens when an enzyme denatures

A

Shape of active site changes so substrate can’t fit

64
Q

Where are enzymes produced

A

Glands

65
Q

what enzyme catalyses breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

A

catalase

66
Q

Why is a solution of amino acids colourless?

A

They are soluble

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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