Chapter 3 π Flashcards
What happens when a cell differentiates?
It becomes specialised to carry out a particular job
What is a tissue?
A group of cells working together for a similar function
What does muscular tissue do?
Contracts to move substances
Function of glandular tissue
Releases substances like enzymes and hormones
What is an organ?
A collection of tissues working to perform a specific function
What does epithelial tissue do?
Covers inside and outside of organs
What does the pancreas do?
Releases hormones to control blood sugar
Releases enzymes to digest food
What is an organ system?
Groups of organs working together to perform a specific function
What are the main organs where food is digested?
Stomach and small intestine
What is the function of the small intestine?
Where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood
How is the small intestine adapted?
Covered in villi for large SA
Rich blood supply
Short diffusion distance to blood vessels
Function of large intestine
Water is absorbed from undigested food into blood
Function of liver
Produces bike to digest lipids
What are carbohydrates made of
Units of sugar
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Formula for glucose
C6 H12 O6
What are lipids?
Lipids are fats (solids) and oils (liquids)
What are lipids made from?
Glycerol and fatty acids
What is protein used for?
Growth
What are carbohydrates used for?
Energy
What are lipids used for?
Energy and insulation
What are proteins made from?
Amino acids
What chemical is used to test for sugars?
Benedicts solution
What colour does benedicts solution turn if there is sugar?
Brick red
What is used to test for carbohydrates?
Iodine
What colour does iodine turn on presence of starch?
Blue black
Which chemical is used to test for lipids?
Ethanol
What chemical is used to test for protein?
Biurets solution
What colour does biurets turn in protein?
Purple
What happens when a protein denatures?
Temperature is too high and shape changes so canβt carry out job
Jobs of proteins
Act as:
Enzymes
Antibodies
Hormones
What is a catalyst?
Speeds up reaction without being affected
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst
How do enzymes work (lock and key theory)?
The active site of the enzyme bonds to the substrate
What is a persons metabolism?
The speed of reactions in the body
What is enzyme activity affected by?
Temperature and pH
What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too high?
Denatures
What is different about the digestive enzymes?
Works outside of cells
What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?
Amylase
Where is amylase found?
Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine
What enzyme catalysts breakdown of proteins?
Protease
Where is protease found?
Stomach, pancreas and small intestine
What enzyme catalysts breakdown of fats?
Lipase
Where is lipase found?
Pancreas and small intestine
What does digestion involve?
Breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into soluble substances
What is bile used for?
Turns acidic mixture in stomach into alkaline for small intestine
What are functions of bile?
Change pH
Breakdown (emulsify) fats
Why is bile key in digestion of fats?
Emulsifies so there is a larger SA for lipase enzyme to act upon
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
chemical formula of glucose
C6 H12 O6
what is produced when carbohydrates are broken down?
sugars
what is produced when lipids are broken down?
glycerol and fatty acids
what is produced when proteins are broken down?
amino acids
what is an enzyme made from
protein
why do enzymes only catalyse one sort of reaction?
they have a specific active site
what are the three jobs that enzymes do to control metabolism?
build large molecules from smaller ones, eg making starch from glucose
changing one molecule into another, eg glucose to fructose
breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, eg
carbohydrates into sugars
optimum temperature for catalysts
37 degrees (human body)
where is bile made?
liver
What are proteins used for in body? 2
Building up cells and tissues of body
Act as basis of all enzymes
What decides whether a lipid will be liquid or solid?
Different combination of fatty acids
Function of salivary glands
Produce amylase in saliva
Function of rectum
Where faeces are stored before excretion
Function of gall bladder
Store bike to release into small intestine
What happens when an enzyme denatures
Shape of active site changes so substrate canβt fit
Where are enzymes produced
Glands
what enzyme catalyses breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
catalase
Why is a solution of amino acids colourless?
They are soluble