Chapter 3 💭 Flashcards by Georgina Jolliffe

What happens when a cell differentiates?

It becomes specialised to carry out a particular job

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What is a tissue?

A group of cells working together for a similar function

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What does muscular tissue do?

Contracts to move substances

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Function of glandular tissue

Releases substances like enzymes and hormones

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What is an organ?

A collection of tissues working to perform a specific function

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What does epithelial tissue do?

Covers inside and outside of organs

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What does the pancreas do?

Releases hormones to control blood sugar

Releases enzymes to digest food

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What is an organ system?

Groups of organs working together to perform a specific function

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What are the main organs where food is digested?

Stomach and small intestine

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What is the function of the small intestine?

Where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the blood

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How is the small intestine adapted?

Covered in villi for large SA
Rich blood supply
Short diffusion distance to blood vessels

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Function of large intestine

Water is absorbed from undigested food into blood

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Function of liver

Produces bike to digest lipids

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What are carbohydrates made of

Units of sugar

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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Formula for glucose

C6 H12 O6

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What are lipids?

Lipids are fats (solids) and oils (liquids)

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What are lipids made from?

Glycerol and fatty acids

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What is protein used for?

Growth

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What are carbohydrates used for?

Energy

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What are lipids used for?

Energy and insulation

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What are proteins made from?

Amino acids

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What chemical is used to test for sugars?

Benedicts solution

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What colour does benedicts solution turn if there is sugar?

Brick red

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What is used to test for carbohydrates?

Iodine

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What colour does iodine turn on presence of starch?

Blue black

Which chemical is used to test for lipids?

Ethanol

What chemical is used to test for protein?

Biurets solution

What colour does biurets turn in protein?

Purple

What happens when a protein denatures?

Temperature is too high and shape changes so can't carry out job

Jobs of proteins

Act as: Enzymes Antibodies Hormones

What is a catalyst?

Speeds up reaction without being affected

What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst

How do enzymes work (lock and key theory)?

The active site of the enzyme bonds to the substrate

What is a persons metabolism?

The speed of reactions in the body

What is enzyme activity affected by?

Temperature and pH

What happens to an enzyme when the temperature is too high?

Denatures

What is different about the digestive enzymes?

Works outside of cells

What enzyme breaks down carbohydrates?

Amylase

Where is amylase found?

Salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine

What enzyme catalysts breakdown of proteins?

Protease

Where is protease found?

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine

What enzyme catalysts breakdown of fats?

Lipase

Where is lipase found?

Pancreas and small intestine

What does digestion involve?

Breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into soluble substances

What is bile used for?

Turns acidic mixture in stomach into alkaline for small intestine

What are functions of bile?

Change pH | Breakdown (emulsify) fats

Why is bile key in digestion of fats?

Emulsifies so there is a larger SA for lipase enzyme to act upon

Where is bile stored?

Gall bladder

chemical formula of glucose

C6 H12 O6

what is produced when carbohydrates are broken down?

sugars

what is produced when lipids are broken down?

glycerol and fatty acids

what is produced when proteins are broken down?

amino acids

what is an enzyme made from

protein

why do enzymes only catalyse one sort of reaction?

they have a specific active site

what are the three jobs that enzymes do to control metabolism?

build large molecules from smaller ones, eg making starch from glucose changing one molecule into another, eg glucose to fructose breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, eg carbohydrates into sugars

optimum temperature for catalysts

37 degrees (human body)

where is bile made?

liver

What are proteins used for in body? 2

Building up cells and tissues of body | Act as basis of all enzymes

What decides whether a lipid will be liquid or solid?

Different combination of fatty acids

Function of salivary glands

Produce amylase in saliva

Function of rectum

Where faeces are stored before excretion

Function of gall bladder

Store bike to release into small intestine

What happens when an enzyme denatures

Shape of active site changes so substrate can’t fit

Where are enzymes produced

Glands

what enzyme catalyses breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

catalase

Why is a solution of amino acids colourless?

They are soluble