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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 16 - Adaptions, interdependence and competition > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Adaptions, interdependence and competition Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

definition of communities

A

the populations of different species living in a habitat

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2
Q

definition of habitat

A

where an organism lives

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3
Q

definition of population

A

all the organisms of one species living in a habitat

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4
Q

definition of abiotic factors

A

non-living factors of the environment eg soil

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5
Q

definition of biotic factors

A

living factors of the environment eg food

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6
Q

definition of ecosystem

A

the interaction of a community of abiotic factors with the biotic parts of the environment

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7
Q

what is the main source of energy transferred through ecosystems?

A

the sun

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8
Q

3 examples of interdependence

A

plants produce food (by photosynthesis)
animals eat plants
animals pollinate plants

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9
Q

definition of interdependence

A

how other species rely on eachother for survival

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10
Q

what is a stable community?

A

an ecosystem with large biodiversity

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11
Q

example of a stable community

A

a tropical rainforets

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12
Q

example of a place with low biodiversity

A

the arctic

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13
Q

characteristics of a stable community 2

A

complex food webs

less prone to changes (if one species dies, there are others)

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14
Q

characteristics of a place with low biodiversity 3

A

harsh conditions
simple food chains
vulnerable to change

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15
Q

8 examples of abiotic factors affecting communities

A 
wind intensity
moisture levels
soil pH
light intensity
temperature
oxygen concentration
CO2 concentration
(air) pollution
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16
Q

how does wind intensity affect a community?

A

strong winds = high transpiration rate = more water lost = unhealthy plants

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17
Q

2 ways in which organisms compete

A

plants compete for light,nutrients and space to grow

animals compete for space, mates and nutrition

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18
Q

how can moisture levels affect a community?

A

with little water, there will be little or no life

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19
Q

how can soil pH affect a community?

A

impacts rate of decay and release of mineral ions

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20
Q

how can CO2 concentration affect a community?

A

limiting factor for photosynthesis

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21
Q

how can pollution affect a community?

A

lichen can’t grow

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22
Q

how can O2 concentration affect a community?

A

huge impact on marine organisms, fish needs lots of oxygen

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23
Q

how can temperature affect a community?

A

limiting factor in photosynthesis

melting arctic ice

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24
Q

how can light intensity affect a community?

A

limiting factor for photosynthesis

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25
Q

6 biotic changes that can affect a community

A 
new pathogens
new predator
competition
new species
loss of predator
food availability
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26
Q

how can a new pathogen impact a community?

A

organisms have no resistance so can die out

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27
Q

how can competition impact a community?

A

a new species may outcompete for food, eg squirrels

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28
Q

how can food availability impact a community?

A

animals struggle to survive and breed

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29
Q

how can loss of a predator impact a community?

A

numbers of other species spiral out of control

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30
Q

how can a new predator impact a community?

A

organisms that have no defences will be quickly wiped out

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31
Q

how can a new species impact a community?

A

new parasites

new competition

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32
Q

3 examples of what animals compete for

A

food
territory
mates

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33
Q

why are animals that eat a wide range of food more likely to be successful?

A

if one food source dies out, they have many others

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34
Q

why will animals compete for territory?

A

they are often unable to reproduce successfully if they don’t have it

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35
Q

why do animals need a territory?

A

so they can breed and reproduce then ensure their young can find uncompeted food

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36
Q

how can animals compete for a mate? 2

A

males will fight between themselves

they will display themselves (eg peacock) to try and stand out

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37
Q

what makes a successful competitor? 3

A

it needs to be better at finding food than other members of its species
must be able to breed successfully
or, they compete with other animals as little as possible

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38
Q

what do plants need to survive? 5

A 
light
CO2
water
oxygen
mineral ions
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39
Q

what do animals need to survive? 3

A

food
water
oxygen

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40
Q

what is an adaptation?

A

it allows an animal to survive in their habitat

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41
Q

what is an extremophile?

A

an animal that is adapted to live in a very harsh environment

42
Q

how are extremophiles adapted to live at high temperatures?

A

they have special enzymes that don’t denature at these high temperatures

43
Q

how are extremophiles adapted to live in very salty places?

A

their cytoplasm is adapted so water doesn’t move out of their cells and into their environment by photosynthesis

44
Q

how are sea birds adapted to live by the sea?

A

they ‘cry’ salty tears to get rid of extra salt

45
Q

how are lilies adapted?

A

they have big air spaces in their leaves so they float on top of the water and can photosynthesise

46
Q

how are animals/plants that live in freezing environments adapted?

A

they produce a special ‘antifreeze’ that stops the water in cells freezing

47
Q

how are herbivores adapted?

A

they have special teeth for grinding up plant cells

48
Q

how are carnivores adapted?

A

their teeth are adapted to tear flesh and bones

49
Q

how are normal plants adapted?

A

roots allow them to get water and nutrients

50
Q

how is the saguaro cactus adapted for pollination? 4

A

they rely on bats for pollination
flowers open at night
strong scent to guide bat
flowers on top of cactus for easy feeding

51
Q

what are the 3 types of adaptation?

A

structural
behavioural
functional

52
Q

what are structural adaptations?

A

features of an organisms body structure

53
Q

how are arctic foxes structurally adapted?

A

white fur for camoflage

54
Q

how are whales structurally adapted? 2

A

thick layer of blubber

low SA:V ration to retain heat

55
Q

how are camels adapted? 2

A

thin layer of fat and large SA:V ration to help lose heat

56
Q

what are behavioural adaptations?

A

the ways an animal behaves

57
Q

how are swallows behaviourally adapted?

A

they migrate to warmer climates during the winter

58
Q

what are functional adaptations?

A

things that happen in an organisms body that can be related to processes like metabolism or reproduction

59
Q

how are desert animals functionally adapted?

A

conserve water by very little sweat and small amounts of concentrated urine

60
Q

how are brown bears functionally adapted?

A

they hibernate over winter and lower metabolism to conserve energy when there isn’t much available food

61
Q

how are animals in cold climates adapted? 3

A

small SA:V ratio (to reduce heat lost)
plenty of insulation in the form of blubber
thick fur coat

62
Q

how does camouflage work?

A

the colour of the coat of the animal matches the surroundings so they don’t stand out

63
Q

what are the 2 biggest challenges of an animal in a desert?

A

lack of water

stopping body temperature getting too high/low

64
Q

how are desert animals adapted? 3

A

have adapted kidneys so they produce very concentrated urine
most active at night when it is cooler
large SA:V ratio

65
Q

function of stomata

A

open to release gas in photosynthesis

66
Q

how are cacti adapted to store water?

A

the main body is a stem where they store lots of water when it rains
they conserve this to use later

67
Q

how can roots be adapted to collect water?

A

in hot conditions, the roots are wide and deep

this means they can absorb the maximum amount of water possible

68
Q

why do leaves try to reduce their surface area?

A

so less water is lost when the stomata open for photosynthesis

69
Q

how is marram grass adapted to grow on sand dunes?

A

it has tightly curled leaves to reduce surface area

70
Q

how is butcher’ broom adapted to live in shady conditions under trees?

A

their leaves are actually stems

stems have far fewer stomata than leaves

71
Q

how are cacti adapted to live in deserts?

A

they have spines not leaves with a very small surface area so they lose minimal water

72
Q

what are the 4 things plants compete for?

A

light
water
space
minerals

73
Q

why do plants compete for light?

A

to make food via photosynthesis

74
Q

why do plants compete for water? 2

A

to keep cells turgid

for photosynthesis

75
Q

why do plants compete for space?

A

so they can get light, water and minerals

76
Q

why do plants compete for nutrients?

A

so their cells can make the chemicals they need

77
Q

what does a plant need to do to reproduce successfully?

A

avoid competition

78
Q

ways of distributing seeds? 4

A

wind
animal fur
explosive pods
water

79
Q

why is it good if a plant can distribute its seeds?

A

so they can grow without competition from its own species

parent plants will absorb the nutrients so seedlings can’t grow

80
Q

why do plants like daffodils flower early in the year? 3

A

the branches of the trees are bare so they can get sunlight
the dead tree doesn’t take up much water
the leaves that are shed decompose and add to the minerals in the soil

81
Q

how do plants adapt their roots?

A

if their competitors have shallow roots, they will have ones that reach deep underground and vice versa

82
Q

how is ivy adapted?

A

it can climb up tall trees to reach sunlight

83
Q

why do plants compete?

A

they are often surrounded by tall trees that block sunlight, absorb all the water and minerals and take up space

84
Q

what is the distribution of an organism?

A

where it is found

85
Q

what is a quadrat?

A

a square frame enclosing a known area

86
Q

how to study the distribution of small organisms?

A 
place a quadrat on a metre squared area
count all the organisms in the quadrat
repeat 
work out mean for first area
repeat steps for different areas
87
Q

what is the abundance of an organism?

A

the population size

88
Q

how must you choose your quadrat sample size?

A

at random

89
Q

why must you choose your quadrat sample size at random? 2

A

so it reflects the true distribution of organisms

so results are valid

90
Q

what is quantitative sampling and data?

A

dealing with numbers

91
Q

how to set up a transect?

A

stretch a tape between two points

92
Q

how to work out the percentage of the area of a quadrat covered by an organism?

A

count the little square where the organisms cover over half
divide by total number of squares
times by 100

93
Q

what is a transect?

A

a line around which we measure the number of organisms

94
Q

how to measure the distribution of an organism using quadrats and transects?

A

stretch a tape (a transect)in the area you want to study
at regular intervals place transect on ground and count organism number
work out the percentage area covered by an organism

95
Q

what is a producer?

A

something that produces its own food using energy from the sun (eg green plants or algae

96
Q

what is the biomass of a plant?

A

the energy stores in a plant (the mass of living material)

97
Q

order of basic food chain:

A

producer - primary consumer - secondary consumer - tertiary consumer

98
Q

how is energy transferred through an ecosystem?

A

when organisms eat eachother

99
Q

what is the population of a species usually limited by?

A

the food available

100
Q

why are predator-prey cycles always out of phase with eachother?

A

it takes a while foe the population to respond to the changes

101
Q

what normally happens when the population of prey increases?

A

the population of the predator does too

102
Q

what normally happens when the population of predators increase?

A

the number of prey decrease

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