Chapter 4 🍻 Flashcards by Georgina Jolliffe

What are the four components of the blood?

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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What does plasma transport?

Waste CO2
Urea
Small, soluble products of digestion

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Function of RBCs

Pick up oxygen from lungs and carry to cells where it is needed

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Adaptions of RBCs

Biconcave - big SA for diffusion
Full of haemoglobin (binds to oxygen)
No nucleus - more haemoglobin

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Function of WBCs

Form part of defence system

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What do lymphocytes do?

Form antibodies against microorganisms

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What do phagocytes do?

Engulf and digest bacteria and viruses

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Function of platelets

Clot at site of wound to stop bacteria entering

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What makes up the circulatory system?

Blood, blood vessels and heart

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What are the three types of blood vessels?

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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Function of arteries

Carry blood from heart to organs
Thick walls
Very dangerous to cut - high pressure as from heart

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Functions of veins

Carry blood from organs to heart
Quite thin as blood is at lower pressure
Often have valves

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Function of capillaries

Form network of tiny vessels to link V and A
Narrow and thin
Easy for diffusion

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What is a double circulatory system?

One transports blood from heart to lungs and back again

Other carries blood from heart to organs and back again

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What is the point of valves?

Stops backflow

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What is a biological valve?

Based on pig and cow valves
Patient doesn’t need medication
12-15 years

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Artificial pacemakers

Connected to heart by wires

Corrects irregularities

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What are artificial hearts used for?

Keep patients alive while wait for transplant

Give heart a rest to aid recovery

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What is the job of the ventilation system?

Move air in and out of lungs

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What happens when you breathe in?

Ribs move up and out as volume of chest increases

Increased volume=lower pressure

Outside air is higher pressure so moves into lungs

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What happens when you exhale?

Volume of chest gets smaller

Smaller volume = increased pressure

Outside is at lower pressure so air moves out of lungs

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Adaptions of alveoli

Large SA
Rich blood supply
Steep concentration gradient
Very thin

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Characteristics of palisade mesophyll cells

Lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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Characteristics of spongy mesophyll

Some chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Big air spaces and large SA for easy diffusion

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Function of xylem

Carry water and dissolves minerals from roots to leaves

Function of phloem

Carry dissolved food from leaves around plant

Function of leaf

Photosynthesis

Function of roots

Take up water and minerals from soil

Function of stem

Supports leaves and flowers

Function of stomata

Allow gases to move in and out of leaf

Function of guard cells

Control opening and closing of stomata

What is translocation?

Movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

Why is transport in a plant so important?

All cells need sugar did respiration | All cells need water

What is transpiration?

When water is lost through stomata

What is the transpiration system?

When water leaves stomata so is drawn up through roots and this process repeats

How are photosynthesis and transpiration connected?

Anything that increases photosynthesis increases transpiration

What increases transpiration and photosynthesis?

Heat, wind, light

what do WBCs do? (3)

make antitoxins, antibodies and ingest microorganisms

function of platelets

help clot blood

function of plasma

transports various substances, eg CO2, glucose, urea around the body

when looking at a heart diagram, what must you remember

it is from the perspective of the person whose heart it is (L side is R on diagram)

what is coronary heart disease

when cholesterol builds up in coronary arteries and means the heart has to work harder to push blood through

how do stents work?

the balloon expands and deflates, leaving a metal mesh. This expand the artery to let more blood through faster

how do statins work?

reduce blood cholesterol levels to stop so much gathering in arteries

how do plants reduce water loss?

waxy cuticle to stop uncontrolled loss | stomata found on underside of leaf to protect from sun and evaporation

Function of right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

Function of left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood around body

Which side is the vena cava on

Right

Which side is the pulmonary artery on

Right

Two vessels bringing blood to heart

Vena cava | Pulmonary vein

Which side is the pulmonary artery on

Right

Which side is aorta on

Left

Function of coronary arteries

Supply heart with oxygenated blood

Function of pulmonary artery

Takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

Function of aorta

Takes oxygenated blood around body

Why is the muscle on the LHS of heart thicker

Must pump blood further

Advantage of biological valve

No medication

Disadvantage of biological valves

Only last 15 years

Advantage of mechanical valves

Last long time

Disadvantage of mechanical valve

Medicine

Layers of tissues in leaf

Waxy cuticle Epidermal tissue Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll

Function of meristem tissue

Able to differentiate to allow plant to grow

What is xylem strengthened with

Lignin

Structure of xylem

Made of dead cells Strengthened with lignin Carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

Structure of phloem

Made of living cells with holes to let cell sap through | Allow food to flow through

Function of stomata

Let co2 in for photosynthesis

Why does hot windy dry conditions increase transpiration

Diffusion happens faster Steeper concentration gradient Increased evaporation

How do plants change to preserve water and why 2

Wilt - reduces SA for evaporation | Stomata close - stops photosynthesis