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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 4 🍻 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 🍻 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four components of the blood?

A

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs and platelets

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2
Q

What does plasma transport?

A

Waste CO2
Urea
Small, soluble products of digestion

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3
Q

Function of RBCs

A

Pick up oxygen from lungs and carry to cells where it is needed

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4
Q

Adaptions of RBCs

A

Biconcave - big SA for diffusion
Full of haemoglobin (binds to oxygen)
No nucleus - more haemoglobin

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5
Q

Function of WBCs

A

Form part of defence system

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6
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Form antibodies against microorganisms

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7
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Engulf and digest bacteria and viruses

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8
Q

Function of platelets

A

Clot at site of wound to stop bacteria entering

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9
Q

What makes up the circulatory system?

A

Blood, blood vessels and heart

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10
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries
Veins
Capillaries

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11
Q

Function of arteries

A

Carry blood from heart to organs
Thick walls
Very dangerous to cut - high pressure as from heart

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12
Q

Functions of veins

A

Carry blood from organs to heart
Quite thin as blood is at lower pressure
Often have valves

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13
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Form network of tiny vessels to link V and A
Narrow and thin
Easy for diffusion

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14
Q

What is a double circulatory system?

A

One transports blood from heart to lungs and back again

Other carries blood from heart to organs and back again

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15
Q

What is the point of valves?

A

Stops backflow

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16
Q

What is a biological valve?

A

Based on pig and cow valves
Patient doesn’t need medication
12-15 years

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17
Q

Artificial pacemakers

A

Connected to heart by wires

Corrects irregularities

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18
Q

What are artificial hearts used for?

A

Keep patients alive while wait for transplant

Give heart a rest to aid recovery

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19
Q

What is the job of the ventilation system?

A

Move air in and out of lungs

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20
Q

What happens when you breathe in?

A

Ribs move up and out as volume of chest increases

Increased volume=lower pressure

Outside air is higher pressure so moves into lungs

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21
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A

Volume of chest gets smaller

Smaller volume = increased pressure

Outside is at lower pressure so air moves out of lungs

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22
Q

Adaptions of alveoli

A

Large SA
Rich blood supply
Steep concentration gradient
Very thin

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23
Q

Characteristics of palisade mesophyll cells

A

Lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis

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24
Q

Characteristics of spongy mesophyll

A

Some chloroplasts for photosynthesis

Big air spaces and large SA for easy diffusion

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25
Q

Function of xylem

A

Carry water and dissolves minerals from roots to leaves

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26
Q

Function of phloem

A

Carry dissolved food from leaves around plant

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27
Q

Function of leaf

A

Photosynthesis

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28
Q

Function of roots

A

Take up water and minerals from soil

29
Q

Function of stem

A

Supports leaves and flowers

30
Q

Function of stomata

A

Allow gases to move in and out of leaf

31
Q

Function of guard cells

A

Control opening and closing of stomata

32
Q

What is translocation?

A

Movement of dissolved sugars from leaves to rest of plant

33
Q

Why is transport in a plant so important?

A

All cells need sugar did respiration

All cells need water

34
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When water is lost through stomata

35
Q

What is the transpiration system?

A

When water leaves stomata so is drawn up through roots and this process repeats

36
Q

How are photosynthesis and transpiration connected?

A

Anything that increases photosynthesis increases transpiration

37
Q

What increases transpiration and photosynthesis?

A

Heat, wind, light

38
Q

what do WBCs do? (3)

A

make antitoxins, antibodies and ingest microorganisms

39
Q

function of platelets

A

help clot blood

40
Q

function of plasma

A

transports various substances, eg CO2, glucose, urea around the body

41
Q

when looking at a heart diagram, what must you remember

A

it is from the perspective of the person whose heart it is (L side is R on diagram)

42
Q

what is coronary heart disease

A

when cholesterol builds up in coronary arteries and means the heart has to work harder to push blood through

43
Q

how do stents work?

A

the balloon expands and deflates, leaving a metal mesh. This expand the artery to let more blood through faster

44
Q

how do statins work?

A

reduce blood cholesterol levels to stop so much gathering in arteries

45
Q

how do plants reduce water loss?

A

waxy cuticle to stop uncontrolled loss

stomata found on underside of leaf to protect from sun and evaporation

46
Q

Function of right ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs

47
Q

Function of left ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood around body

48
Q

Which side is the vena cava on

A

Right

49
Q

Which side is the pulmonary artery on

A

Right

50
Q

Two vessels bringing blood to heart

A

Vena cava

Pulmonary vein

51
Q

Which side is the pulmonary artery on

A

Right

52
Q

Which side is aorta on

A

Left

53
Q

Function of coronary arteries

A

Supply heart with oxygenated blood

54
Q

Function of pulmonary artery

A

Takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

55
Q

Function of aorta

A

Takes oxygenated blood around body

56
Q

Why is the muscle on the LHS of heart thicker

A

Must pump blood further

57
Q

Advantage of biological valve

A

No medication

58
Q

Disadvantage of biological valves

A

Only last 15 years

59
Q

Advantage of mechanical valves

A

Last long time

60
Q

Disadvantage of mechanical valve

A

Medicine

61
Q

Layers of tissues in leaf

A

Waxy cuticle
Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll

62
Q

Function of meristem tissue

A

Able to differentiate to allow plant to grow

63
Q

What is xylem strengthened with

A

Lignin

64
Q

Structure of xylem

A

Made of dead cells
Strengthened with lignin
Carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves

65
Q

Structure of phloem

A

Made of living cells with holes to let cell sap through

Allow food to flow through

66
Q

Function of stomata

A

Let co2 in for photosynthesis

67
Q

Why does hot windy dry conditions increase transpiration

A

Diffusion happens faster
Steeper concentration gradient
Increased evaporation

68
Q

How do plants change to preserve water and why 2

A

Wilt - reduces SA for evaporation

Stomata close - stops photosynthesis

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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