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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 6 👑 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 👑 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What happens when you have a vaccination?

A

A small amount of dead/inactive disease is injected

White blood cells produce antibodies quickly

Memory cells know how to make them quickly

Immune to future injections by that pathogen

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2
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When such a large percentage of the population is immune the disease is practically wiped out

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3
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

Kill microorganisms in environment

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4
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Kill bacteria in body

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5
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Produced by WBCS to destroy pathogens

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6
Q

what is an antigen?`

A

what the antibodies bind to to destroy the pathogen

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7
Q

what can’t you use medication against?

A

viruses

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8
Q

how do antibiotics work?

A

they kill or damage the bacteria cells without hurting the body’s own cells

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9
Q

why don’t antibiotics work against viruses?

A

the viruses take over the existing body cells so you can kill them without damaging the body’s own cells

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10
Q

how was penicillin discovered

A

Fleming saw that something had killed the mould developing on his culture plates, which was later found to be penicillin

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11
Q

what are new drugs tested for? (3)

A

toxicity, efficacy, dosage

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12
Q

what is the first stage of testing and what does it involve?

A

pre-clinical trials, tested on cells, tissues and animals

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13
Q

what is the second stage of testing and what does it involve?

A

clinical trials, tested in small doses on healthy volunteers

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14
Q

what is a double blind trial

A

neither the patients or doctors know who has the drug and who has the placebo

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15
Q

what is a placebo?

A

a dummy drug used to test the effect of the real one

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16
Q

what is a hybridoma?

A

a combination of lymphocytes and tumour cells

17
Q

what is a monoclonal antibody?

A

proteins cloned from the same hybridoma to target a certain type of cell

18
Q

what is a lymphocyte?

A

a cell that produces antibodies but cant divide

19
Q

what is a tumour cell?

A

something that can divide but cant make antibodies

20
Q

where are monoclonal antibodies used at the minute?

A

pregnancy tests, to diagnose diseases, treating diseases, research and measuring and monitoring

21
Q

what is the magic bullet theory for cancer treatment?

A

Monoclonal antibodies will bind to the specific antigens found on cancer cells. so by attaching a drug to them, they act like a bullet and target specifically the cancer cells

22
Q

what are the three ways in which monoclonal antibodies kill cancer cells?

A

block receptors so tumour stops growing
the magic bullet theory with drugs
they trigger the immune system to target the cancer cells

23
Q

advantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)

A

bind directly to desired pathogen
healthy cells not affected
can be used to treat a wide range of conditions

24
Q

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies (3)

A

progress is slow, expensive and difficult
the mouse antibodies triggered an immune response
there is the danger of the tumour cell rapidly growing to make cancer

25
Q

how do bacteria make you feel ill?

A

they make toxins which damage cells and tissues

26
Q

how do viruses work?

A

they replicate themselves inside the body and live inside your cells, when the cell bursts the new virus pathogens are released

27
Q

what is a protist and how does it work?

A

a disease carrying organism which attaches itself to a vector to distribute the disease

28
Q

how are pathogens spread? (3)

A

water (eg cholera)
air (eg the flu)
direct contact (eg athletes foot)

29
Q

Pros of vaccination 2

A

Eradicates certain diseases (eg smallpox)

Epidemics can be prevented

30
Q

Cons of vaccines 2

A

Bad reaction

Don’t always work

31
Q

Difference between paracetamol and penicillin

A

Paracetamol cures symptoms but antibiotics kill bacteria

32
Q

Why are medicines first tested on healthy volunteers

A

To make sure they don’t have any harmful side effects when the body is healthy

33
Q

Why are the results from drug trials assessed by peer review

A

To prevent false claims

34
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests

A

In pregnant women, HCG is produced
It binds to antibodies on the wee bit of the stick
HCG moves up the stick and carries antibodies and blue dye
It gets stuck to the test strip and turns it blue

35
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to deliver drugs

A

They carry it straight to the tumour and deposit it there

36
Q

How are monoclonal antibody used to stop rumours growing

A

They bind to the receptor site so the growth stimulating molecule can’t bind to cell

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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