Chapter 5 🌌 Flashcards
What are communicable diseases caused by?
Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
How can diet affect health?
Too little food or nutrients = anaemia or deficiency diseases
Too much = cancers or type 2 diabetes
How can stress affect health?
Heart disease, cancers and mental health problems
Examples of life situations that affect health
Financial status Gender Ethnicity Hygiene Sanitation
What is health?
Physical and mental well being
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause disease
What is different between viruses and bacteria?
Viruses take over living cells to reproduce
How are pathogens spread through the air?
Sneezing and droplets travelling through the air
How are diseases spread?
Through air contact and water
What is binary fission?
How bacteria divide
Why are microorganisms cultures at <25 degrees?
Stops spreading to human
What did Semmelweis do?
Told surgeons to wash hands
What did Louis Pasteur discover?
Vaccines against anthrax and rabies
What did Joseph lister discover?
Antiseptic
Examples of hygiene to stop disease spreading?
Hand washing
Keeping raw meat separate
Using tissues
Ways to stop disease spreading?
Hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Destroying/controlling vectors
Vaccines
Problems of measles
No cure
Possible blindness and brain damage
Characteristics of hiv/aids
HIV is a flu like virus that attacks immune system. Progresses to aids where immune system is severely damage
How can hiv be presented
Condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood
Characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus
Distinctive pattern on leaves
Spread between contact
No treatment
Characteristics of salmonella
Bacteria found in raw meat and egg
Symptoms include cramps sickness diarrhoea
Characteristics of gonorrhoea
STD
spread by unprotected sex
Symptoms include green discharge
Bacterial so killed by antibiotics
Examples of bacterial diseases in plants
Crown galls
Fungal diseases in humans
Few but include athletes foot
Characteristics of rose black spot
Fungal disease
Purple or black spots
Why is rose black spot so bad?
Leaves turn yellow and drop = less photosynthesis
What is a protist?
What the vector transfers
How is skin adapted to stop microorganisms?
Acts as a barrier
Layer of dead skin cells
Antibacterial secretions
How is the respiratory system adapted against microorganisms?
Nose full of hairs which trap pathogens
Mucus
Stomach acid
What are the three roles of WBCs?
Ingest microorganisms
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
What is an aphid?
Insects that penetrate into phloem and feed on sap
What does a lack of magnesium lead to?
Yellow leaves - chlorosis
What does a nitrate deficiency do?
Limited growth
What does phosphorous do?
Healthy roots
Physical barriers of plants
Cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Layer of dead cells
Dropping leaves
Chemical barriers of plants
Antibacterial chemicals
Mechanical defences of plants
Poisons Thorns Hairs Dropping of curling leaves Mimicry ill plants
Name 3 viral diseases
Measles
HIV
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
how is measles spread?
bodily fluids
symptoms of measles
red rash
fever
how is HIV spread
sexual contact
symptoms of HIV
flu-like symptoms
what does HIV do?
attacks immune system
why is HIV so bad?
it can turn into AIDS, where your body cant defend itself against diseases
symptoms of TMV
mosaic pattern on plant leaves
why is TMV so bad?
the discolouration of leaves means the plant cant photosynthesise so it affects growth
name a fungal disease that attacks plants
Rose black spot
symptoms of rose black spot
purple or black spots grow on plant leaves
why is rose black spot so bad?
it causes the leaves to drop off so the plant cant photosynthesise and grow
how is RBS spread
water or air
name a disease caused by a protist
malaria
how does malaria spread?
a protist carrying the disease attaches to a mosquito and so when the mosquito feeds off a human, it transmits the disease
symptoms of malaria
fever
how to prevent malaria
mosquito nets
insecticide
how to prevent RBS
fungicides and removing infected plant
how to prevent measles
vaccination
name two bacterial diseases
salmonella
gonorrhoea
symptoms of salmonella
fever
stomach cramps
sickness
diarrhoea
how is salmonella spread/caught?
by eating contaminated food
how to prevent salmonella
cook food properly
vaccinate chickens
how is gonorrhoea spread?
sexual contact
symptoms of gonorrhoea
painful urination
green or yellow discharge
why is gonorrhoea now trickier to prevent?
strains of it have become resistant to penicillin
how to prevent getting gonorrhoea?
use barrier methods of contraception
antibiotics
how to reduce spread of disease (4)
hygiene
destroy vectors
isolation
vaccination
what is phagocytosis?
when WBCs engulf pathogens
What can a bad diet cause
Type 2 diabetes or cancers
What can stress cause
Heart disease
Cancer
Mental problems
What can bad sanitation cause
Diarrhoeal conditions
How do pathogens make you ill
Produce toxins
Take over cells
What is a mutation
A change in DNA
What is a culture medium
Contains nutrients for bacteria to grow
although a disinfectant may kill the most bacteria, why might it not be the best?
Could be toxic or harmful to humans
Symptoms of measles
Fever and rash
What is measles caused by
Droplet infection
Symptoms of diseases in plants 4
Spots on leaves
Stunted growth
Tumours
Discolouration
How does nicotine cause you to become addicted to smoking?
It alters chemical processes in the body
What is a pandemic?
A disease affecting people in many countries
What is thalidomide now used to treat?
Leprosy
