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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 5 🌌 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 🌌 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are communicable diseases caused by?

A

Pathogens such as bacteria and viruses

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2
Q

How can diet affect health?

A

Too little food or nutrients = anaemia or deficiency diseases

Too much = cancers or type 2 diabetes

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3
Q

How can stress affect health?

A

Heart disease, cancers and mental health problems

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4
Q

Examples of life situations that affect health

A 
Financial status
Gender 
Ethnicity
Hygiene
Sanitation
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5
Q

What is health?

A

Physical and mental well being

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6
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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7
Q

What is different between viruses and bacteria?

A

Viruses take over living cells to reproduce

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8
Q

How are pathogens spread through the air?

A

Sneezing and droplets travelling through the air

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9
Q

How are diseases spread?

A

Through air contact and water

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10
Q

What is binary fission?

A

How bacteria divide

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11
Q

Why are microorganisms cultures at <25 degrees?

A

Stops spreading to human

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12
Q

What did Semmelweis do?

A

Told surgeons to wash hands

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13
Q

What did Louis Pasteur discover?

A

Vaccines against anthrax and rabies

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14
Q

What did Joseph lister discover?

A

Antiseptic

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15
Q

Examples of hygiene to stop disease spreading?

A

Hand washing
Keeping raw meat separate
Using tissues

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16
Q

Ways to stop disease spreading?

A

Hygiene
Isolating infected individuals
Destroying/controlling vectors
Vaccines

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17
Q

Problems of measles

A

No cure

Possible blindness and brain damage

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18
Q

Characteristics of hiv/aids

A

HIV is a flu like virus that attacks immune system. Progresses to aids where immune system is severely damage

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19
Q

How can hiv be presented

A

Condoms, not sharing needles, screening blood

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20
Q

Characteristics of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Distinctive pattern on leaves
Spread between contact
No treatment

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21
Q

Characteristics of salmonella

A

Bacteria found in raw meat and egg

Symptoms include cramps sickness diarrhoea

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22
Q

Characteristics of gonorrhoea

A

STD
spread by unprotected sex
Symptoms include green discharge
Bacterial so killed by antibiotics

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23
Q

Examples of bacterial diseases in plants

A

Crown galls

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24
Q

Fungal diseases in humans

A

Few but include athletes foot

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25
Q

Characteristics of rose black spot

A

Fungal disease

Purple or black spots

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26
Q

Why is rose black spot so bad?

A

Leaves turn yellow and drop = less photosynthesis

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27
Q

What is a protist?

A

What the vector transfers

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28
Q

How is skin adapted to stop microorganisms?

A

Acts as a barrier
Layer of dead skin cells
Antibacterial secretions

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29
Q

How is the respiratory system adapted against microorganisms?

A

Nose full of hairs which trap pathogens
Mucus
Stomach acid

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30
Q

What are the three roles of WBCs?

A

Ingest microorganisms
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins

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31
Q

What is an aphid?

A

Insects that penetrate into phloem and feed on sap

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32
Q

What does a lack of magnesium lead to?

A

Yellow leaves - chlorosis

33
Q

What does a nitrate deficiency do?

A

Limited growth

34
Q

What does phosphorous do?

A

Healthy roots

35
Q

Physical barriers of plants

A

Cell walls
Tough waxy cuticle
Layer of dead cells
Dropping leaves

36
Q

Chemical barriers of plants

A

Antibacterial chemicals

37
Q

Mechanical defences of plants

A 
Poisons 
Thorns 
Hairs 
Dropping of curling leaves 
Mimicry ill plants
38
Q

Name 3 viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco Mosaic Virus

39
Q

how is measles spread?

A

bodily fluids

40
Q

symptoms of measles

A

red rash

fever

41
Q

how is HIV spread

A

sexual contact

42
Q

symptoms of HIV

A

flu-like symptoms

43
Q

what does HIV do?

A

attacks immune system

44
Q

why is HIV so bad?

A

it can turn into AIDS, where your body cant defend itself against diseases

45
Q

symptoms of TMV

A

mosaic pattern on plant leaves

46
Q

why is TMV so bad?

A

the discolouration of leaves means the plant cant photosynthesise so it affects growth

47
Q

name a fungal disease that attacks plants

A

Rose black spot

48
Q

symptoms of rose black spot

A

purple or black spots grow on plant leaves

49
Q

why is rose black spot so bad?

A

it causes the leaves to drop off so the plant cant photosynthesise and grow

50
Q

how is RBS spread

A

water or air

51
Q

name a disease caused by a protist

A

malaria

52
Q

how does malaria spread?

A

a protist carrying the disease attaches to a mosquito and so when the mosquito feeds off a human, it transmits the disease

53
Q

symptoms of malaria

A

fever

54
Q

how to prevent malaria

A

mosquito nets

insecticide

55
Q

how to prevent RBS

A

fungicides and removing infected plant

56
Q

how to prevent measles

A

vaccination

57
Q

name two bacterial diseases

A

salmonella

gonorrhoea

58
Q

symptoms of salmonella

A

fever
stomach cramps
sickness
diarrhoea

59
Q

how is salmonella spread/caught?

A

by eating contaminated food

60
Q

how to prevent salmonella

A

cook food properly

vaccinate chickens

61
Q

how is gonorrhoea spread?

A

sexual contact

62
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

painful urination

green or yellow discharge

63
Q

why is gonorrhoea now trickier to prevent?

A

strains of it have become resistant to penicillin

64
Q

how to prevent getting gonorrhoea?

A

use barrier methods of contraception

antibiotics

65
Q

how to reduce spread of disease (4)

A

hygiene
destroy vectors
isolation
vaccination

66
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

when WBCs engulf pathogens

67
Q

What can a bad diet cause

A

Type 2 diabetes or cancers

68
Q

What can stress cause

A

Heart disease
Cancer
Mental problems

69
Q

What can bad sanitation cause

A

Diarrhoeal conditions

70
Q

How do pathogens make you ill

A

Produce toxins

Take over cells

71
Q

What is a mutation

A

A change in DNA

72
Q

What is a culture medium

A

Contains nutrients for bacteria to grow

73
Q

although a disinfectant may kill the most bacteria, why might it not be the best?

A

Could be toxic or harmful to humans

74
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever and rash

75
Q

What is measles caused by

A

Droplet infection

76
Q

Symptoms of diseases in plants 4

A

Spots on leaves
Stunted growth
Tumours
Discolouration

77
Q

How does nicotine cause you to become addicted to smoking?

A

It alters chemical processes in the body

78
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

A disease affecting people in many countries

79
Q

What is thalidomide now used to treat?

A

Leprosy

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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