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Biology Revision 🌱 > Chapter 2 🤕 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 🤕 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When the genetic material in a cell is doubled and then the cell splits into two identical nuclei

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2
Q

What happens in stage 1 of the cell cycle?

A

The cells grow and increase their mass
DNA is replicated to form two sets of each chromosome
Increased numbers of mitochondria, ribosomes and chloroplasts

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3
Q

What happens in stage 2 of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis: one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the dividing cell
Nucleus divides

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4
Q

What happens in stage 3 of the cell cycle?

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divides to form two identical daughter cells

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5
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell

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6
Q

When do most animal cells differentiate?

A

Early stage of life

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7
Q

What can embryonic and adult stem cells do?

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells can be cloned and made to differentiate into different types of cell

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8
Q

Examples of conditions that may be helped by stem cells

A

Paralysis and diabetes

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9
Q

Problems with embryonic stem cells

A

Ethical -> come from aborted embryos
Progress is slow and expensive
They grow and divide rapidly -> cancer?

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10
Q

How many chromosomes are in each cell’s nucleus?

A

46, arranged in 23 pairs

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11
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

How body cells divide

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12
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Growth
Repair
Development

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13
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised to carry out a particular job

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14
Q

What do adult stem cells do?

A

Replace cells that can’t divide like RBCs and skin cells

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15
Q

When can most plant cells differentiate?

A

All through their lives

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16
Q

What is cloning?

A

Producing identical offspring

17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

When a sperm and egg fuse to form a single cell

18
Q

What is a good source of adult stem cells?

A

Bone marrow

19
Q

Why are stem cells used to treat various diseases?

A

They differentiate to form the cells needed to treat the disease

20
Q

Why are stem cells important in plants?

A

It allows us to make large numbers of rare plants reliably and safely

21
Q

What is an ethical issue of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells come from aborted embryos

People see this as a violation of the embryos rights as they can’t consent

22
Q

Economic problem with stem cells

A

Progress is slow, difficult and expensive

23
Q

Illness problems with stem cells

A

Grow and divide rapidly -> cancer?

Could be infected with viruses and transfer it to patient

24
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Using cells from an adult to produce a cloned embryo of themselves to provide embryonic cells

25
Q

What are stem cells currently being researched to treat

A 
Spinal cord injuries 
Diabetes 
Heart after a heart attack
Blindness
Damaged bone and cartilage
26
Q

what is binary fission?

A

how bacteria cells divide, they split in two

27
Q

in binary fission, how does a cell divide?

A
  1. duplicates DNA
  2. increases size and moves one set of DNA to each end of cell
  3. cytoplasm divides and new cell walls are made
  4. two daughter cells are made
28
Q

what is the mean division time of a bacteria cell

A

the average time it takes a bacteria cell to divide into two

29
Q

what is a culture medium for bacteria?

A

contains the foods and nutrients it needs to grow

30
Q

what is differentiation?

A

when stem cells change to become specialised for its job

31
Q

how can stem cells be used to preserve rare species of plant?

A

stem cells can be taken and grown to produce identical clones

32
Q

where are stem cells found in plants?

A

the meristem - where growth occurs

33
Q

what are chromosomes made from?

A

genes

34
Q

Which stage of the cell cycle is variable?

A

Stage 1

Biology Revision 🌱 (18 decks)

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