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Microbiology > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material

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2
Q

genome

A

entire genetic complement including genes and nucleotide sequences

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3
Q

genes

A

specific sequences of nucleotides that code for polypeptides or RNA molecules

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4
Q

nucleotides

A

nucleoside attached to a phosphate group

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5
Q

nucleoside

A

pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base

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6
Q

prokaryotic chromosomes

A

where prokaryotes package main portion of DNA, associated proteins and RNA

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7
Q

prokaryote DNA molecule size, shape, location

A

haploid, circular molecule located in the nucleoid

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8
Q

plasmids

A

small molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome that is not essential for growth, metabolism, or reproduction but can confer survival advantages

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9
Q

types of plasmids

A

fertility, resistance, bacteriocin, and virulence factors

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10
Q

fertility factors

A

carry instructions for conjugation, transferring genes from one bacterial cell to another

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11
Q

resistance factors

A

carry resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs or heavy metals

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12
Q

bacteriocin factors

A

carry genes for proteinaceous toxins called bacteriocins which kill its competitors of the same or similar species

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13
Q

virulence plasmids

A

carry instructions for structures, enzymes, or toxins that an able the bacterium to become pathogenic

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14
Q

DNA replication

A

anabolic polymerization process that requires monomers and energy which triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides serve both functions

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15
Q

Semiconservative

A

DNA replication is semiconservative meaning that each new DNA strand is composed of one original and one daughter strand

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16
Q

examples of triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides

A

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP

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17
Q

examples of nucleotides

A

ATP, GTP, AMP, CMP, GMP, TMP, CTP

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18
Q

genotype

A

set of genes in the genome

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19
Q

phenotype

A

physical features and functional traits expressed by genes

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20
Q

transcription

A

information in DNA is copied as RNA

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21
Q

translation

A

polypeptides synthesized from RNA

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22
Q

central dogma of genetics

A

DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to form polypeptides

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23
Q

direction of replication

A

5’ to 3’

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24
Q

types of RNA transcribed from DNA

A

RNA primers, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

25
Q

three steps of transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

26
Q

names of DNA strands used in transcription

A

template and coding, template strand is used to code RNA

27
Q

initiation

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter gene sequence

28
Q

elongation

A

add RNA nucleotides to template strand 5’ - 3’; reads the gene

29
Q

termination

A

DNA strands bind back together after RNA has copied; when RNA polymerase meets termination it falls off

30
Q

translation

A

anabolic process where ribosomes use genetic information of nucleotide sequences to synthesize polypeptides

31
Q

primary structure

A

string amino acids in chain, peptide bonds

32
Q

secondary structure

A

helices and pleats, held by bonds (weak)

33
Q

participants in translation

A

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, rRNA, amino acids

34
Q

operon

A

a promoter and a series of genes regulated together that may be regulated by an operator only found in prokaryotes

35
Q

inducible operon

A

always off, must be activated by inducers; lac operon is an example

36
Q

repressible operon

A

always on, always transcribed until deactivated by repressors, negative feedback loop; tryptophan operon is an example

37
Q

mutation

A

change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome, rare event and must be at the DNA level to be inherited

38
Q

types of mutations

A

point and frameshift mutations

39
Q

types of point mutations

A

silent, missense, nonsense; they are insertions, deletions, and substitutions that result in only one base pair being affected

40
Q

silent mutation

A

DNA change does not change amino acid

41
Q

nonsense mutation

A

inserts stop codon

42
Q

missense mutation

A

changes amino acid sequence

43
Q

frameshift mutations

A

insertions and deletions that misplace triplets

44
Q

mutagens

A

agents that bring about mutations

45
Q

types of mutagens

A

radiation and chemical

46
Q

types of chemical mutagens

A

nucleotide analogs, nucleotide-altering chemicals, and frameshift mutagens

47
Q

nucleotide analogs

A

looks like a regular nucleotide and disrupts DNA and RNA replication

48
Q

nucleotide-altering chemicals

A

change nucleotides resulting in base-pair substitutions and missense mutations

49
Q

pyrimidine dimer

A

adjacent pyrimidine bases covalently bond to each other distorting the sugar phosphate backbone and preventing proper replication

50
Q

genetic recombination

A

exchange of nucleotide sequences between two DNA molecules

51
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

genes donated between two unrelated cells in same generation

52
Q

three types of horizontal gene transfer

A

transformation, transduction, conjugation

53
Q

genetic variability

A

mulitiple copies of the same gene and crossover during meiosis

54
Q

transformation

A

competent cells pick up DNA from environment and express it

55
Q

types of transduction

A

generalized and specialized

56
Q

generalized transduction

A

mediated by viruses, carries random DNA segment from donor to recipient

57
Q

specialized transduction

A

mediated by viruses, only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

58
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

mediated if the cell has fertility (f) plasmid which codes for pili; F+ make F- cells F+

59
Q

Hfr

A

F+ inserts in the chromosome of F- and then F- will still be F- but have cool new genes

Microbiology (12 decks)

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