Chapter 17-immune testing Flashcards
innate immunity
things you are born with, collective defense mechanism (skin, pH of skin, acidity of stomach, etc)
acquired immunity (adaptive)
responses geared to specific pathogen; T cells and B cells (release antibodies)
T cells
mount cellular immunity
B cells
humoral immunity or antibody response
antigen
anything that triggers immune response; anything foreign the body has never seen before
immunization
protection against particular pathogen or antigen
active immunization
immune respons is actively involved; any vaccination
passive immunization
immune system is not active, receives preformed antibodies; breastfeeding
types of active immunization
attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid
attenuated (live) vaccines
drops; modify pathogen so it cannot cause disease, immune system is triggered and antibodies made; long lasting protection, can partially immunize other people
inactivated (killed) vaccines
shot, take pathogen and kill it; inject whole thing (whole-agent vaccine) or take arts of pathogen and inject (subunit vaccine)
toxoid vaccine
modify toxin chemically and inject; requires multiple doses
antiserum
give antibodies; patient never gains immunity
hybridoma
antibody plasma cells (B cells) fused with myelomas grown in media that kills myeloma cells unless they are fused with antibodies; what is left is hybridoma
serology
study of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum
direct testing
look for presence of antigens
indirect testing
look for antibodies that have formed against an antigen
precipitation test
looks for antibodies or antigens; when optimal amounts of each they will bind and precipitate (only for soluble particles)
immunodiffusion
one well has antigen, another has antibody; each diffuses across a media and where they precipitate is the line of specificity; no line if not specific for each other
radial immunodiffusion
agar has preformed antibodies, add several known concentrations of antigens and then unknown from patient and compare the lines of specificity
agglutination
clumping of insoluble particles
titration
serum undergoes several dilutions, each dilution undergoing until agglutination no longer occurs
viral neutralization
serum with antibodies is mixed with test virus and added to cell culture; survival of cells indicates antibodies neutralized viruses
viral hemagglutination inhibition tests
take red blood cells, unknown antibodies, mix with a known virus; if no hemagglutination, antibodies inhibited virus
cytopathic effect
viruses invade and kill cells
direct fluorescent antibody testing
looking for antigens; tissue sample suspected of containing antigen is mixed with tagged antibodies specific for antigen then rinsed; if fluorescence, antibody is bound to antigen
indirect fluorescent antibody testing
looking for antibodies; known antigen is on slide; add patient serum that contains antibodies; rinse; add tagged anti-antibody; rinse; if not specific, no fluorescence
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; can test for antigens or antibodies
indirect ELISA
looking for antibodies; well coated with antigen; add patent serum; rinse; add anti-antibody tagged with enzyme; rinse; add substrate specific for enzyme that changes color of substrate if enzyme still present
sandwich ELISA
tests for antigens; antibody bound to well; add patient serum; rinse; add antibody tagged with enzyme; rinse; add substrate
Western blot
used for detecting proteins (antibodies); can detect more than one at once; perform gel electrophoresis on patent serum; transfer to nitrocellulose paper; add antibodies of what looking for; if antigen-antibody match, color will form
immunochromatography
rapid, easy-to-read ELISA; have antigen solution and paper with antibodies; antigen solution diffuses through paper to fixed line of anti-antibody; if antigens bound to antibodies, they will get stuck on anti-antibody line and color will form (pregnancy test)
