Chapter 17-immune testing

Question 1

innate immunity

Answer 1

things you are born with, collective defense mechanism (skin, pH of skin, acidity of stomach, etc)

Question 2

acquired immunity (adaptive)

Answer 2

responses geared to specific pathogen; T cells and B cells (release antibodies)

Question 3

T cells

Answer 3

mount cellular immunity

Question 4

B cells

Answer 4

humoral immunity or antibody response

Question 5

antigen

Answer 5

anything that triggers immune response; anything foreign the body has never seen before

Question 6

immunization

Answer 6

protection against particular pathogen or antigen

Question 7

active immunization

Answer 7

immune respons is actively involved; any vaccination

Question 8

passive immunization

Answer 8

immune system is not active, receives preformed antibodies; breastfeeding

Question 9

types of active immunization

Answer 9

attenuated, inactivated, and toxoid

Question 10

attenuated (live) vaccines

Answer 10

drops; modify pathogen so it cannot cause disease, immune system is triggered and antibodies made; long lasting protection, can partially immunize other people

Question 11

inactivated (killed) vaccines

Answer 11

shot, take pathogen and kill it; inject whole thing (whole-agent vaccine) or take arts of pathogen and inject (subunit vaccine)

Question 12

toxoid vaccine

Answer 12

modify toxin chemically and inject; requires multiple doses

Question 13

antiserum

Answer 13

give antibodies; patient never gains immunity

Question 14

hybridoma

Answer 14

antibody plasma cells (B cells) fused with myelomas grown in media that kills myeloma cells unless they are fused with antibodies; what is left is hybridoma

Question 15

serology

Answer 15

study of antigen-antibody interactions in blood serum

Question 16

direct testing

Answer 16

look for presence of antigens

Question 17

indirect testing

Answer 17

look for antibodies that have formed against an antigen

Question 18

precipitation test

Answer 18

looks for antibodies or antigens; when optimal amounts of each they will bind and precipitate (only for soluble particles)

Question 19

immunodiffusion

Answer 19

one well has antigen, another has antibody; each diffuses across a media and where they precipitate is the line of specificity; no line if not specific for each other

Question 20

radial immunodiffusion

Answer 20

agar has preformed antibodies, add several known concentrations of antigens and then unknown from patient and compare the lines of specificity

Question 21

agglutination

Answer 21

clumping of insoluble particles

Question 22

titration

Answer 22

serum undergoes several dilutions, each dilution undergoing until agglutination no longer occurs

Question 23

viral neutralization

Answer 23

serum with antibodies is mixed with test virus and added to cell culture; survival of cells indicates antibodies neutralized viruses

Question 24

viral hemagglutination inhibition tests

Answer 24

take red blood cells, unknown antibodies, mix with a known virus; if no hemagglutination, antibodies inhibited virus

Question 25

cytopathic effect

Answer 25

viruses invade and kill cells

Question 26

direct fluorescent antibody testing

Answer 26

looking for antigens; tissue sample suspected of containing antigen is mixed with tagged antibodies specific for antigen then rinsed; if fluorescence, antibody is bound to antigen

Question 27

indirect fluorescent antibody testing

Answer 27

looking for antibodies; known antigen is on slide; add patient serum that contains antibodies; rinse; add tagged anti-antibody; rinse; if not specific, no fluorescence

Question 28

ELISA

Answer 28

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; can test for antigens or antibodies

Question 29

indirect ELISA

Answer 29

looking for antibodies; well coated with antigen; add patent serum; rinse; add anti-antibody tagged with enzyme; rinse; add substrate specific for enzyme that changes color of substrate if enzyme still present

Question 30

sandwich ELISA

Answer 30

tests for antigens; antibody bound to well; add patient serum; rinse; add antibody tagged with enzyme; rinse; add substrate

Question 31

Western blot

Answer 31

used for detecting proteins (antibodies); can detect more than one at once; perform gel electrophoresis on patent serum; transfer to nitrocellulose paper; add antibodies of what looking for; if antigen-antibody match, color will form

Question 32

immunochromatography

Answer 32

rapid, easy-to-read ELISA; have antigen solution and paper with antibodies; antigen solution diffuses through paper to fixed line of anti-antibody; if antigens bound to antibodies, they will get stuck on anti-antibody line and color will form (pregnancy test)