Chapter 3 - Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

4 Processes of life

Answer 1

Growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and metabolism

Question 2

Prokaryotic cell shape

Answer 2

monomorphic, some pleomorphic; bacillus, coccus, branched, and spiral

Question 3

Spiral shape categories

Answer 3

Spirillum, vibrio, spirochete

Question 4

Glycocalyx

Answer 4

gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of cell composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides or both; two types: capsule and slime layer

Question 5

Capsule

Answer 5

type of glycocalyx composed of organizing NAM and NAG units, firmly attached; help prevent being recognized by host

Question 6

Slime layer

Answer 6

type of glycocalyx loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble and allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

Question 7

Flagella

Answer 7

responsible for movement, not present in all bacteria; composed of a filament, hook, rod and basal body

Question 8

Arrangements of flagella

Answer 8

Peritrichous, monotrichous, polar, lophotrichous, amphitrichous

Question 9

Motion of peritrichous bacterium

Answer 9

tumbles change direction, runs are direct movement in a direction

Question 10

Fimbriae

Answer 10

sticky, bristlelike projections; adhere bacteria to one another, shorter than flagella, important in biofilms

Question 11

Pili

Answer 11

type of fimbria, mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another

Question 12

Bacterial cell walls

Answer 12

provide structure and shape, protect cell from osmotic forces, composed of peptidoglycan; two types, Gram-negative and Gram-positive

Question 13

Peptidoglycan

Answer 13

polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides by the NAMs

Question 14

Gram-positive bacterial cell walls

Answer 14

thick layer of peptidoglycan, contain teichoic acids and appear purple when stained with Gram stain

Question 15

Gram-negative bacterial cell walls

Answer 15

thin layer of peptidoglycan, bilayer membrane with phospholipids, proteins, and lipopolysaccharide outside the peptidoglycan, appear pink when Gram stained

Question 16

Atypical cell walls

Answer 16

acid-fast, mostly gram-positive, mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan; mycobacterium and nocardia

Question 17

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 17

phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model

Question 18

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane function

Answer 18

energy storage, selectively permeable, maintain concentration and electrical gradient

Question 19

Passive transport

Answer 19

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion, require no energy

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S

Question 21

Centrioles

Answer 21

play role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and formation of flagella and cilia; in eukaryotes

Question 22

Centrosome

Answer 22

region of eukaryotic cytoplasm where centrioles are found