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Microbiology > Chapter 14-Infection > Flashcards

Chapter 14-Infection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

symbiosis

A

to live together

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2
Q

types of symbiosis

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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3
Q

mutualism

A

both members benefit

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4
Q

commensalism

A

one member benefits without affecting the other

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5
Q

parasitism

A

parasite benefits while host is harmed

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6
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes that colonize the surfaces of the body without causing disease

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7
Q

types of normal microbiota

A

resident and transient

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8
Q

resident microbiota

A

remain as part of the host for life

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9
Q

transient microbiota

A

remain in the host for a certain amount of time before disappearing

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10
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

normal microbiota may become harmful if the opportunity arises

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11
Q

conditions which create opportunities for microbiota to become pathogenic

A

normal microbiota in different site than usual; immune suppression; changes in number of normal microbiota

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12
Q

reservoirs of infection

A

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

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13
Q

types of reservoirs

A

animal reservoirs, human carriers, and nonliving reservoirs

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14
Q

animal reservoirs

A

zoonoses; spread from animal hosts to humans

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15
Q

human carriers

A

human source of infection

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16
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A

soil, water, and food

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17
Q

contamination

A

presence of microbes in or on the body

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18
Q

infection

A

microbes that overcome the body’s external defenses and invade the body

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19
Q

portals of entry

A

sites in which most pathogens enter the body

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20
Q

four portals of entry

A

skin, mucous membrane, placenta, parenteral route

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21
Q

adhesion

A

process by which microbes attach to cells using adhesion factors

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22
Q

adhesion factors

A

specialized structures or attachment proteins

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23
Q

ligands

A

enable them to bind to complementary receptors on host cells

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24
Q

avirulent

A

bacterial cells that have lost ability to make ligands, making them harmless

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25
Q

disease

A

when an infection is significant enough to interfere with normal body function

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26
Q

morbidity

A

any change from state of health

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27
Q

symptoms

A

subjective characteristics of a disease felt by the patient alone

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28
Q

examples of symptoms

A

pain, headache, dizziness, and fatigue

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29
Q

signs

A

objective manifestations of disease that can be seen by others

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30
Q

examples of signs

A

swelling, rash, redness, and fever

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31
Q

syndrome

A

group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease

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32
Q

asymptomatic

A

infections with no symptoms

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33
Q

congenital disease

A

diseases present at birth regardless of the cause

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34
Q

etiology

A

study of the cause of a disease

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35
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

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36
Q

virulence

A

degree of ability to cause disease

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37
Q

virulence factors

A

factors that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host

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38
Q

three virulence factors

A

extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors

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39
Q

extracellular enzymes

A

enzymes that enable them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body

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40
Q

four types of extracellular enzymes

A

hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, kinases

41
Q

hyaluronidase

A

digests hyaluronic acid that holds animal cells together

42
Q

collagenase

A

breaks down collagen

43
Q

coagulase

A

causes blood proteins to clot

44
Q

kinases

A

digests blood clots

45
Q

toxins

A

chemicals that harm or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

46
Q

types of toxins

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

47
Q

exotoxins

A

destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism

48
Q

types of exotoxins

A

cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins

49
Q

cytotoxins

A

kill host cells in general or affect function

50
Q

neurotoxins

A

interfere with nerve cell function

51
Q

enterotoxins

A

affect cells lining the GI tract

52
Q

antitoxins

A

protective molecules that bind to toxins and neutralize them in the body

53
Q

toxoids

A

toxins treated to make them nontoxic but still capable of stimulating antibody productions

54
Q

endotoxins

A

lipid A from lipopolysaccharide of Gram-

55
Q

two types of antiphagocytic factors

A

capsules and antiphagocytic chemicals

56
Q

antiphagocytic chemicals

A

chemicals produced by some bacteria that prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles

57
Q

incubation period

A

time between infection and first sign or symptom, depends on virulence factor

58
Q

prodromal period

A

short time of generalized, mild symptoms that precedes illness

59
Q

illness

A

most sever stage; signs and symptoms are most evident

60
Q

decline

A

immune response and/or treatment fight off pathogen

61
Q

convalescence

A

recovery from illness

62
Q

modes of infectious disease transmission

A

contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission

63
Q

types of contact transmission

A

direct, indirect, and droplet

64
Q

direct contact transmission

A

body contact between hosts

65
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

pathogens are spread by fomites

66
Q

fomites

A

inanimate objects that are used to transfer pathogens to hosts

67
Q

droplet transmission

A

droplets of mucus that exit body during respiratory processes

68
Q

types of vehicle transmission

A

airborne, waterborne, and foodborne

69
Q

airborne transmission

A

spread of pathogens farther than one meter to the respiratory mucous membrane of host via aerosol

70
Q

waterborne transmission

A

water acts as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infections

71
Q

foodborne transmission

A

pathogens in or on food that is inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated

72
Q

vector transmission

A

animals that transmit diseases from one host to another

73
Q

types of vector transmission

A

biological and mechanical vectors

74
Q

biological vectors

A

transmit pathogens and serve as hosts for reproduction

75
Q

mechanical vectors

A

passively carry pathogens to new hosts on body parts

76
Q

acute disease

A

develops rapidly but lasts for short time

77
Q

chronic disease

A

develops slowly and lasts long time, sometimes recurrent

78
Q

subacute disease

A

durations and severities that are between acute and chronic

79
Q

latent disease

A

pathogen remains inactive for long time before becoming active

80
Q

communicable disease

A

infectious disease comes directly or indirectly from another host; contagious disease

81
Q

noncommunicable disease

A

source of infectious disease is not a host

82
Q

epidemiology

A

study of where and when disease occur and how they are transmitted

83
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases in a given area during a given time

84
Q

prevalence

A

total number of cases, new and old, in a given area during a given time

85
Q

endemic

A

disease that normally occurs continually in a given area

86
Q

sporadic

A

few scattered cases occur in an area or population

87
Q

epidemic

A

disease that occurs more than normal for an area

88
Q

pandemic

A

epidemic occurring at the same time on more than one continent

89
Q

descriptive epidemiology

A

careful recording of data concerning a disease including: location, time, ages, gender, occupations, and health histories

90
Q

index case

A

the first case of a disease

91
Q

analytical epidemiology

A

determines the probable cause of disease; retrospective

92
Q

experimental epidemiology

A

testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical epidemiology

93
Q

nosocomial infections

A

acquired by patients or health care workers in health care facilities

94
Q

nosocomial diseases

A

diseases acquired in a health care setting

95
Q

types of nosocomial infections

A

exogenous, endogenous, and iatrogenic

96
Q

exogenous nosocomial infections

A

caused by pathogens acquired from the health care environment

97
Q

endogenous nosocomial infections

A

arise from normal microbiota that become opportunistic within a health care setting

98
Q

iatrogenic infections

A

nosocomial infection that is direct result from modern medical procedures

Microbiology (12 decks)

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