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Anatomy & Phys > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is articulation?

A

The totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of sequences of overlapping gestures that results in speech OR the point of union between 2 structures

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2
Q

How do we measure articulation?

A

Cineradiography, electopalatopgraphy, electromyography

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3
Q

Cinderadiography

A

A radiology (xray) technique that captures a series of images of moving objects in rapid succession to create a motion picture

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4
Q

Electopalatography

A

A computer-based technique that monitors the tongue’s contact with the hard palate during speech (measures electrical signals of the palate as it moves)

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5
Q

Electromyography

A

A medical test that measures the electrical activity of muscles and the nerves that control them (muscle energy in the face)

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6
Q

What creates the labial seal?

A

Obicularis oris

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7
Q

Labial Seal

A

The obicularis oris creates a labial seal where other muscles insert here and create pull and force in multiple directions to create lip shapes

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8
Q

Does the upper lip move faster or slower than the lower lip?

A

The upper lip moves slower than the lower lip

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the lower lip?

A

It does most of the work in lip closure & it is faster and stronger than the upper lip due to the position of trhe mandible and mentalis (being attached to the jaw makes it able to move)

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10
Q

Are the lips highly adaptable?

A

The lips are highly adaptable to structural interference; teeth, appliances, holding something in the mouth. It is governed by proprioception

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11
Q

What is propioception?

A

Awareness of the position and movement of the body

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12
Q

How does propioception work?

A

Sensory rectoption in our muscles, joints, and tendors, send messages to our brain telling us where our body is

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13
Q

Do stroke patients have good propioception?

A

No

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14
Q

How many muscles open the mandible?

A

4

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15
Q

How many muscles close the mandible?

A

3

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the mandible?

A

To assist lips & tongue

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17
Q

How does the mandible assist the lips and tongue?

A

Carries lips and tongue to the target position & brings structures closer to the teeth when needed

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18
Q

Why does the manible change positions?

A

To support lip movement and tongue movement

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19
Q

What muscles open the mandible?

A

Digasticus, Mylohoid, Geniohyoid, Lateral Pterygoid

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20
Q

What muscles close the mandible?

A

Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the tongue?

A

Articulation & swallowing & taste

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22
Q

Is the tongue strong?

A

Yes, only 20% of the tongues strength is used for articulation

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23
Q

If we lose tongue strength what would we most likely have trouble with?

A

Swallowing

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24
Q

What is the sensory makeup of the tongue?

A

Muscle spindles are sensory stretch receptors, golgi tendon organs for proprioception, and tactile sensors

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25
Q

What are some examples of the extreme sensitivity of the tongue?

A

The tongue can differentiate points of contact only 1.5 mm apart & it aids in proprioception and monitoring of articulation placement

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26
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue help with?

A

Gross motor movements and taking the tongue to the general area it is needed

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27
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue help with?

A

They create fine motor movements for the creation of unique speech sounds

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28
Q

Why is the velum a fast mover?

A

The velum must open and close at a high rate of speech to accommodate for nasal and non nasal speech sound production

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29
Q

What happens when the velum is closed?

A

Contraction of the levator veli palatini results in non-nasal speech (creates intraoral pressure for fricative and plosive production)

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30
Q

What happens when the velum is open?

A

Relaxation of the levator veli palatini allows for the voice to resonate in the nasal cavity (nasal sounds)

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31
Q

What is nasal assimilation?

A

The resulting sound of nasal resonance when not appropriate (nasal sounds on other phonemes or cleft palate)

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32
Q

What sounds should be developed by the end of age 2?

A

p,h,n,d,b,w,m

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33
Q

What sounds should be developed by the end of age 3?

A

t,f,y,ng,k,g

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34
Q

What sounds should be developed by the end of age 4?

A

ch,l,s,v,z,dz,sh

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35
Q

What sounds should be developed by the end of age 5?

A

th (voiced), zh, r

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36
Q

What sounds should be developed by the end of age 6?

A

th (thumb)

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37
Q

What articulation needs to be developed before starting speech?

A

reflexes, vestibular development, motor development, extension, trunk/neck stability, CV structures

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38
Q

Reflexes

A

Sucking, step, rooting, grasp

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39
Q

Vestibular development

A

Balance

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40
Q

Motor development

A

Head to tail & medial to distal (need head and neck stability before we can sit up and before we can move our hands)

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41
Q

Extension

A

When you give babies tummy time so they can be in an open position

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42
Q

Trunk/neck stability

A

Crucial for sitting and walking

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43
Q

CV structures

A

valving & gross motor —> (before) fine motor (babababa)

44
Q

How does the oral cavity grow?

A

It grows so much and changes in many ways!

45
Q

Does the nasopharynx get bigger or smaller?

A

Bigger and is more sharply angled relative to the oropharynx (more distance in between)

46
Q

Does the oral cavity get bigger or smaller?

A

Grows and gets bigger

47
Q

Does the tongue ascend or descend?

A

It descends and lays in the bottom of the mouth

48
Q

Does the oropharyngeal space increase or decrease?

A

Increase

49
Q

What is important to know about the growth of structures?

A

As the growth of structures changes so does the relationship of the articulators (this will impact our therapy over time)

50
Q

When is the adult oral cavity size reached?

A

Between 7 and 18 years of age

51
Q

Where is the vocal tract?

A

the VTL is from the lips to the vocal cords

52
Q

Does the vocal tract expand as you grow?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is the VTL at birth?

A

6-8 cm (2.3-3.15 inch)

54
Q

What is the VTL in adult?

A

15-18 cm (6-7 inch) (it doubles in size)

55
Q

When are the VT rapid changes?

A

0-1 year and 12 year (puberty)

56
Q

When does the VT plateu?

A

4 years

57
Q

How does the oral cavity grow?

A

Gradually from 4 years old to adulthood

58
Q

How does the pharynx grow?

A

Growth spurt between 8-12

59
Q

What are some main points from bone, muscle, and laryngeal development?

A

As things grow it allows for more space within the vocal tract. 24 mo and 7 years are the big milestones (0-2 is fast and gradual growth until year 7). the jaw has to grow before the tongue can grow

60
Q

Hard palate

A

Increases by 1 cm in length by 24 mo

61
Q

Soft palate

A

Increases by 0.5 cm in length by 24 mo

62
Q

Mandible

A

Grows from 2-4 cm by 24 mo and typically is 5 cm by age 7. The depth increases allowing for larger oral cavity and room for the tongue

63
Q

Tonuge

A

As mandible grows, allows for more space for the tongue. 75% of adult tongue by 7 years of age

64
Q

Larynx

A

3 cm drop of the larynx in the neck by age 7

65
Q

How doe we get to articulation?

A

We need emotions, language and cognition, and motor speech

66
Q

A though to be expressed

A

emotion

67
Q

Words chosen

A

lang and cog

68
Q

Words put in correct order

A

lang and cog

69
Q

Sounds of the words and sequenced

A

motor speech

70
Q

Motor plan is mapped

A

motor speech

71
Q

Motor sequencing movements are sent to the muscles

A

motor speech

72
Q

Associated chain theory

A

Articulation is a series of motor sequences that are learned

73
Q

Coarticulation

A

The overlapping impact of one speech sound on another

74
Q

Central Control Theory

A

Master control mechanism dictates the muscle movement based on the linguistic goal

75
Q

Feedback Theories

A

Sensory feedback from the articulators influence accurate speech sound production

76
Q

Dynamic or action theory

A

The end product of muscle activity is goal driven

77
Q

DIVA model

A

A feedback driven model

78
Q

Why are theories of articulation important?

A

It impacts how we approach therapy/treatments

79
Q

Dentition Pathologies

A

Trama to teeth & cleft lip

80
Q

Trama to teeth

A

Motor vehicle accident and sports injuries

81
Q

Cleft lip

A

Congenital interruption of lip fusion and may impact the alveolar ridge

82
Q

How would dentition pathology impact Articulation, Mastication, and Deglutition?

A

A: dental sounds are distorted
M: can’t do big biting motions
D: if not grinding food down then could choke while swallowing

83
Q

Lip/Palate Pathologies

A

Trauma to lips, congenital lip issues, congenital palate issues, velopharyngeal insufficiency

84
Q

Trauma to lips

A

Sports injury, physical assault, motor vehicle

85
Q

Congenital lip issues

A

cleft lip, interruption of lip fusion

86
Q

Congenital palate issues

A

cleft palate, interruption of palate fusion

87
Q

Velopharyngeal insufficiency

A

Failure of the soft palate to be able to meet the back wall of pharynx

88
Q

How would lip and palate pathology impact Articulation, Mastication, and Deglutition?

A

A: disordered
M: anterior spillage
D: cannot create intraoral pressure to swalloe

89
Q

Tongue Pathologies

A

Trauma, oral disease, developmental tongue issues, cancer

90
Q

Trauma to the tongue

A

Surgical intervention for disease, motor vehicle accident, sports injury

91
Q

Oral Disease

A

Ulcers, burning tongue syndrome

92
Q

Developmental Issues

A

Ankyloglossia (tongue tie), macroglossia (large tongue)

93
Q

Cancer

A

70% of oral cancer is caused by smoking tobacco

94
Q

How would tongue pathology impact Articulation, Mastication, and Deglutition?

A

A: distortion to r sound and l sound (slurred speech)
M: cannot push food back to molars so there is oral residue remaining and it is hard to chew effectivly
D: tongue pushes bolus down so its hard to drive the force of the swallow

95
Q

Mandible or Maxilla Pathologies

A

Retrognathia, Prognathic mandible, tauma

96
Q

Retrognathia

A

Class 2 malocclusion= Overbite (surgical remedy)

97
Q

Prognathic mandible, tauma

A

Class 3 malocclusion = underbite (surgical remedy)

98
Q

Trauma

A

Falls, gun shot wounds (surgical remedy/prosthetics)

99
Q

How would mandible/maxilla pathologies impact Articulation, Mastication, and Deglutition?

A

A: can’t talk (but usually no issues with articulation w over or underbite bc of adaptation)
M: can’t chew or molars do not like up so it is harder to chew
D: bad intraoral pressure

100
Q

Neurological Pathologies

A

CVA, parkinsons, cerebellar damage

101
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident

A

Upper and lower motor neuron damage= dysarthria, damage to the motor planning areas of the brain = apraxia

102
Q

Parkinsons

A

Hypokinetic dysarthria (issues w motor speech/slurred speech)

103
Q

Cerebellar Damage

A

Problems with coordination of muscles of articulation

104
Q

How would neurogenic pathologies impact Articulation, Mastication, and Deglutition?

A

A: apraxia and dysarthria are acquired motor speech disorder that will effect articulation
M: muscle weakness and discordination so hard to push food back
D: weakness of throat muscles so hard to swallow and easy to choke

105
Q

Other pathologies

A

Toxins, trauma, traumatic brain injury, degenerative diseases

Anatomy & Phys (11 decks)

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