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Anatomy & Phys > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biological function of the larynx?

A

Breathing, coughing/throat clearing, abdominal fixation, swallowing protection

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2
Q

How big are the vocal folds while breathing?

A

Size of a dime

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3
Q

How many mm is the abduction of the VF for quiet breathing in adults?

A

8 mm

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4
Q

How many mm is the abduction of the VF for forced respiration in adults?

A

16 mm

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5
Q

Do we breathe automatically?

A

Yes, but we do have some control

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6
Q

What is the main tissue that controls the VF?

A

Arytenoids

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7
Q

What number is the vagus nerve?

A

10 (called the wanderer)

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8
Q

Where does the vagus nerve sit in the body?

A

It goes from the intestines to the brainstem

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9
Q

What the the steps of phonation in the VF that the vagus nerve controls?

A
  1. deep inhalation through wide abduction of the VF
  2. vocal fold tensing to create tight adduction of the VF
  3. Larynx elevates
  4. increase in positive sub glottal pressure from tissue recoil and muscles of expiration
  5. high pressure blows the VF apart forcefully
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10
Q

What is the vagus nerves job?

A

The vagus nerve is a sensory branch along the respiratory tract that triggers the mechanical response of the vocal folds

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11
Q

What are the main muscles used for coughing?

A

Adduction & Glottal Tensors

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12
Q

What the the muscles of adduction?

A

Transverse & oblique arytenoids, lateral cricoarytenoids (around the top/sides of the VF)

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13
Q

What are the muscles of glottal tensors?

A

Cricothyroid muscles, thyrovocalis (medial thyroarytenoids) - around the sides of the VF

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14
Q

What can go wrong w the cough or ability to clear the throat?

A

To much tension/too often or too little tension

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15
Q

What happens where there is too much tension with coughing?

A

There is a strain on the VF, vocal nodules form, and vocal abuse (swelling, rubbing, irritation)

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16
Q

What happens where there is too little tension with coughing?

A

Ineffective cough (losing strength of the muscles which causes swallowing problems)

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17
Q

What is abdominal fixation?

A

capturing air within the thorax to provide the muscles with a structure on which to push or pull

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18
Q

What is the valsalva maneuver?

A

Take a large inspiratory breath, tighten the adduction of the VF, results in the thorax becoming a rigid frame from which forces of lifting are transferred to the legs

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19
Q

Does valsalva maneuver slow down the HR?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What are 3 ways that our body protects our airway while swallowing?

A

Larynx elevates (up and forward), epiglottis folds down to cover entrance of larynx, aryepolottic folds tense which adduct the VF

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21
Q

How does the voice work?

A

The vocal folds move into the airstream and create vibration

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22
Q

Vibration

A

Movement possible by elasticity, stiffness, and inertia

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23
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability to return to original state after being displaced

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24
Q

Stiffness

A

Strength of elasticity after being displaced

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25
Q

Inertia

A

Property that causes a body in motion to stay in motion

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26
Q

Pitch

A

Tone produced by vibration

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27
Q

The Bernoulli Effect

A

Crucial for phonation because it helps regulate the vibration of the VF (helps them stay in motion) and it all about how air pressure influences voice production

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28
Q

What is the process of the Bernoulli effect?

A

When air is pushed from the lungs through the trachea and into the larynx it has to pass through a constricted area between the VF–> as the speech of airflow increases in this constricted area the pressure decreases causing the VF to draw together. When airflow builds up enough pressure below the VF they are pushed apart

29
Q

Decreased pressure means what for velocity?

A

Increased velocity

30
Q

If the glottis is closed what is the subglottal pressure?

A

+ (high)

31
Q

If the glottis is open what is the subglottal pressure?

A
  • (low)
32
Q

Frequency

A

How many repetitive cycles of vibration per second (Hz)

32
Q

Intensity

A

Loudness and amplitude of the waveform (dB)

33
Q

What is vocal attack?

A

The start of phonation by moving the VF into the airstream

34
Q

Sustained phonation

A

Holding the VF in the air stream for vibration (holding a sound out)

35
Q

Termination of phonation

A

Abducting the VF to stop phonation

36
Q

What are the 3 types of vocal attack?

A

Simultaneous, Breathy, Glottal

37
Q

Simultaneous Vocal Attack

A

Adduction + onset of respiration (same time)

38
Q

Breathy Vocal Attack

A

Airflow comes before adducting the VF

39
Q

Glottal Attack

A

Hard attack. Adduction of the VF comes before the onset of respiration

40
Q

Vocal register

A

A mode of VF vibration during speech

41
Q

Modal voice (register)

A

The pattern of phonation used in daily conversation

42
Q

Glottal fry

A

Pule register- low pitch, rough sounding

43
Q

Falsetto

A

Highest register of phonation (singing)

44
Q

Whispering

A

Non phonatory and there is no vibration in the VF. There is still a lot of tension in the larynx

45
Q

Vocal pitch/freq is determined by?

A

Vocal fold mass/length, tension, and elastic qualities

46
Q

Vocal pitch/freq is controlled by?

A

Movement of arytenoid cartilages

47
Q

Optimal pitch

A

The frequency of VF vibration that is most appropriate for a specific individual (safest to use)

48
Q

Habitual pitch

A

The frequency of VF vibration that is typically used by an individual

49
Q

Average Fundamental Freq

A

Habitual pitch over a longer sustained period of speech production

50
Q

Pitch range

A

The range of fundamental frequency for an individual

51
Q

Intensity is all about?

A

Airflow (loudness)

52
Q

How do you increase in vocal intensity?

A

increase airflow and increase strength of VF

53
Q

How do you decrease in vocal intensity?

A

decrease air flow and less strength of VF

54
Q

What is prosody?

A

the sing/song like quality of speech that involved intonation and stress

55
Q

Intonation

A

Changes in pitch during speech

56
Q

Stress

A

Syllable or word emphasis relative to an utterance

57
Q

Aphonia

A

Complete loss of voice

58
Q

Dysphonia

A

Reduction in vocal function

59
Q

Paralysis

A

Complete loss of function

60
Q

Paresis

A

Partial loss of muscle function

61
Q

Edema

A

Swelling of voice box

62
Q

Laryngeal Trauma

A

Fights, car accidents

63
Q

Neoplasm

A

New tissue that doesn’t belong

64
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant tissue

65
Q

Vocal nodules

A

Callous like mass from vocal abuse

66
Q

Contact ulcers

A

Granular tissue scars (hasn’t progressed to nodules yet)

67
Q

Vocal polyps

A

Blisters on VF (Smoking, reinkes edema)

68
Q

Hemangioma

A

Blood-filled sacs on/near VF

Anatomy & Phys (11 decks)

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