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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin, curved protect organs
Example: skull, scapula, hip

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2
Q

Long bones

A

Crucial for movement
Example: humerus, femur, tibia, fibula

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3
Q

Short bones
Irregular bones

A

Short-equal length and width
Irregular- vertebrae

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4
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense outer shell of bone

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5
Q

Spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Center of ends, and center of shafts of Long bones

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6
Q

Metaphysis

A

Growth zone
Load bearing from the epiphysis to the diaphysis

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7
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft that provides Leverage

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8
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer Fibrous layer of collagen

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9
Q

Endosteum

A

Thin layer of reticular connective tissue

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10
Q

Why are the inside of bones not solid?

A

To absorb impact and vibration, and helps faster healing

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11
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

-stem cells found in endosteum and inner layer of periosteum
-Give rise to osteoblast

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12
Q

Osteoblast

A

Bone forming cells

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13
Q

Osteocytes

A

Former osteoblast that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
-Lacunae-Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside
-canaliculi-A little channels that connect lacunae
-Gap junctions, allow for passage of nutrients waste and signals

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14
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-Bone dissolving cells
-Preform osteolysis-the breakdown of bones

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15
Q

Rickets

A

-In children
-Is a disease caused by mineral deficiency and resulting in soft deformed bones
-Vitamin D deficiency

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16
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

-Brittle bone disease
-Results from a defect in collagen deposition

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17
Q

Osteons

A

Prevent spread of Microfractures

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18
Q

Spongy bone anatomy

A

-Space is filled with red bone marrow
-All osteocytes close to bone marrow

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19
Q

Red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

A

-In nearly every bone in a child
-in adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of the pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

20
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

-Found in adults
-Transform back to red marrow in the event of chronic anemia

21
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

-Flat bones of the skull, most of the clavicle and part of the mandible
-important in Lifelong thickening and remodeling of long bones

22
Q

Structure of metaphysis Corresponds to steps of cartilage replacement. What’s 1-5 order

A

1 Zone of reserve Cartilage
2 zone of cell proliferation
3 zone of cell hypertrophy
4 zone of calcification
5 zone of bone deposition

23
Q

True or false
Carpal bones are not yet formed in children

A

True

24
Q

Achondroplastic dwarfism

A

-Long bones stop growing in childhood -results in a normal torso, but short legs
-Failure of Cartlidge growth in metaphyisis

25
Q

Pituitary dwarfism

A

-Lack of growth hormone
-Normal body proportions with short stature

26
Q

Wolfs law of the bone

A

-Architecture of bone, determined by mechanical stress, is placed on it
-Tension and compression cycles create a small electrical potential that stimulates bone deposition and increases density at points of stress
-based off adaptation

27
Q

Ectopic ossification

A

Abnormal calcification of tissues, such as a lung, brain, eye, muscle, tendon or artery

28
Q

Mineral resorption

A

-Process of dissolving bone; releases minerals into blood
-performed by osteoclast

29
Q

What is the normal calcium concentration in blood plasma

A

9.2 to 10.4 mg/dl

30
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Calcium deficiency; causes excessive excitability of nervous system and muscles
(O in hypo like 0, less, deficiency)

31
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

-Rare
-Calcium excess; Causes nerve and muscle cells to be less excitable than normal
(Weird! Not hyper because less exciteable but more calcium)

32
Q

Calcium homeostasis Is regulated by what three hormones

A

-calcitriol
-calcitonin
-parathyroid hormone

33
Q

Calcitriol

A

-Form of vitamin D, produced by sequential actions of skin, liver, and kidneys

34
Q

Liver adds…
Kidney adds…

A

…Hydroxyl group converting that to calcidiol
…hydroxyl group converting that to calcitriol

35
Q

Calcitriol acts to raise blood calcium in three ways

A

-Increase calcium absorption by small intestine
-Increase calcium resorption from skeleton
-Weakly promotes Reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys

36
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Vitamin D deficiency, soft bones
called rickets in children
-Deep bone pain
-Brakes would be in hip lower back and feet

37
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by parafollicular(clear) cells of the thyroid gland; secreted when blood calcium levels are too high

38
Q

-OsteoClasts inhibition
-OsteoBlasts stimulation

A

C-Thereby reducing bone reabsorption
B-To deposit calcium into balance
—-Important in children, but weak affect in adults

39
Q

Parathyroid hormone PTH

A

Is secreted by parathyroid glands on posterior surface of thyroid
-!!!!!!In response to low calcium in blood
-!!!!!!!Promotes calcium reabsorption by kidneys so less is lost in urine.

40
Q

Calcitriol Raises phosphate levels by promoting its absorption by what?

A

Small intestine

41
Q

PTH Lowers blood phosphate levels by promoting its….

A

Urinary excretion

42
Q

Bone remodeling
Osteoblasts or osteoclasts

A

Osteoclasts

43
Q

Hard callus formation
Osteoclasts or osteoblasts

A

Osteoblasts

44
Q

Order of fracture healing

A

Hematoma formation
Soft callus formation
Hard callus formation
Bone remodeling

45
Q

Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)

A

Involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws or pens to realign the fragments

46
Q

Osteoporosis

A

-Severe loss of bone density
-bones easily fracture
-DEXA scan
-Prevention methods are weight, bearing exercise, throughout life, even old age

Anatomy 1 (16 decks)

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