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Anatomy 1 > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle cells characteristics:
Excitability, responsiveness-

A

To chemical signals stretch and electrical changes across the plasma membrane

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2
Q

Muscle cells characteristics:
Conductivity-

A

Local electrical excitation sets off a wave of excitation that travels along the muscle fiber

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3
Q

Muscle cells Characteristics:
Contractility-

A

Shortens when stimulated

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4
Q

Muscle cells characteristics:
Extensibility-

A

Capable of being stretched between contractions

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5
Q

Muscle cell characteristics:
Elasticity-

A

Returns to its original rest Length, after being stretched

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6
Q

Voluntary striated muscle usually attached to bone

A

Skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Skeletal muscle;
striations-

A

Alternating light and dark transverse bands
results from arrangement of internal contractile proteins

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle;
voluntary-

A

Usually subject to conscious control.
The other muscle types are in voluntary.

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9
Q

Skeletal muscle cells also called

A

Muscle fibers or myofibers

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10
Q

What surrounds each muscle fiber (strand)?

A

Endomysuim

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11
Q

What bundles muscle fibers into fascicles (serving size)?

A

Perimysium

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12
Q

What surrounds entire muscle (bag)?

A

Epimysium

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13
Q

Carbohydrates stored to provide energy for exercise?

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

What acts as a calcium reservoir; it releases calcium through channels to activate contraction

A

Terminal cisterns

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15
Q

Stem cells that fuse to form each muscle fiber !early in development!
-each contributing one nucleus

A

Myoblasts

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16
Q

What cells play a role in regeneration of damage skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Satellite cells- Unspecialized myoblast remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium

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17
Q

What are the three kinds of myofilaments?

A

Thick filaments-Several hundred myosin molecules

Thin filaments-Close to three different protein types (fibrous actin, tropomyosin, troponin)

Elastic filaments-Made of a huge springy protein called Titin

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18
Q

Elastic filaments prevent

A

Overstretching And provide recoil

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19
Q

Troponin, One of the three different protein types of thin filaments, is

A

Small, calcium-binding proteins on each tropomyosin molecule

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20
Q

Thick filaments info:

A

-Each molecule shape like a golf club, two Chains entertwine to form a shaft like tail and a double gobbler head
-Heads directed outward in a helical array around the bundle
-Heads on one half of the thick filament angle to the left while heads on the other half angle to the right
-Bare zone with no heads in the middle

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21
Q

Of the myofilaments, what are the contractile proteins? (They do the work of contracting)

A

Myosin and actin

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22
Q

Of the myofilaments, which act as regulatory proteins?
- They determine when a fiber can (and cannot) contract

A

Tropomyosin and troponin

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23
Q

Check later slide 17
__________ proteins are any protein that influences the regions of a DNA molecule that are transcribed by RNA polymerase during the process of transcription

A

Regulatory proteins

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24
Q

Genetic defects in dystrophin produce disabling disease called

A

Muscular dystrophy

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25
Q

Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by

A

A sex linked recessive trait (1 of 3,500 males)
-most common form of MD
-Diagnosed around 5 yrs old
-Rarely live past 30 years old

26
Q

When we contract the ___band disappears,
The ___band shrinks,
The ___ band stays the same

A

H
I
A

27
Q

Slide 22??

A

Bands????

28
Q

T/F
Unless neurotoxin, Skeletal muscle cannot contract unless stimulated by a nerve

A

True

29
Q

Slide 28????

A

Somatic

30
Q

Motor unit

A

One nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it; They behave as a functional unit and contract in unison.

31
Q

Small motor unit VS large motor unit

A

Small motor unit provides a fine degree of control (eye and hand muscles)
-3 to 5 fibers
Vs
Large motor units provide more strength than control (Quadriceps, femoris)
-hundreds of fibers

32
Q

Point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell

A

Synapse

33
Q

When target cell is a muscle fiber, the synapse is also called a…

A

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) or motor and plate

34
Q

Toxins, interfering with synaptic function can paralyze muscles.
Some pesticides contain ….

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

35
Q

_____ Is a form of spastic paralysis caused by toxin clostridium tetani

A

Tetanus (lockjaw)

36
Q

-Glycine in the spinal cord normally stops…
-Tetnus toxin blocks…

A

-Motor neurons from producing unwanted muscle contractions
-glycine release In the spinal cord, and causes overstimulation and spastic paralysis of the muscles

37
Q

The state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract (plant poisons)

A

Flaccid paralysis

38
Q

Type of food poisoning caused by neuromuscular toxins, greeted by the bacterium clostridium ______
-Blocks release of ACH causing flaccid paralysis

A

Botulism

39
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation:
1) Excitation-

A

Action potentials in motor nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber

40
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation:
2)Excitation-contraction coupling

A

Events that link the action potentials on the sarcolemma to activation of the myofilaments; thereby preparing them to contract

41
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation:
3) Contraction

A

Step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten

42
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation:
4) Relaxation

A

When stimulation ends a muscle fiber relaxes, and returns to its resting length

43
Q

Four major phases of contraction and relaxation:
How many have the act of movement?

A
  1. First is a thought of moving
44
Q

Contraction is a weak if…

A

If overly shortened or too stretched before stimulated

45
Q

Rigor mortis begins how many hours after death?
It peaks at about?

A

3-4 hrs
Peaks about 12 hrs

46
Q

T/F
Rigor mortis is a reaction to no ATP?

A

True!
muscle relaxation requires ATP and ATP production is no longer produced after death

47
Q

Muscle twitch-Quick cycle of contraction and relaxation when a muscle is…

A

Directly stimulated (like working out) with an electrode

48
Q

What is threshold?

A

Minimum voltage that causes a muscle twitch

49
Q

Even if the same Voltage is delivered different stimuli cause twitches varying in length because …

A

-The muscle starting length influences tension generation
-Muscles fatigue after continual use
-Warmer muscles enzymes work more quickly
-Muscle cells hydration level influence cross-bridge formation
-Increasing the frequency of stimulus delivery increases tension output

50
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction without a change in length

-Important in postural muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization

51
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction without a change in length

-Important in postural muscle function and antagonistic muscle joint stabilization

52
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Contraction with a change in length but no change in tension
Ex: Concentric and eccentric

53
Q

Form of isotonic contraction
Concentric contraction-

A

Muscles shorten as it maintains tension
Ex:lifting weight

54
Q

Form of isotonic contraction
Eccentric contraction-

A

Muscle lengthens as it maintains tension
Ex: slowly lowering weight

55
Q

Main pathway of ATP synthesis

Anaerobic fermentation-

A

Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen; yields little ATP and lactate, which needs to be disposed of by the liver.

56
Q

Main pathways of ATP synthesis

-Aerobic respiration

A

Produces far more ATP: does not generate lactate; requires a continual supply of oxygen

57
Q

T/F
Oxygen is briefly supplied by myoglobin but is rapidly depleted

A

True

58
Q

Muscles meet most ATP demand by borrowing ________ and transferring them to ADP

A

Phosphate

59
Q

Myokinase

A

Transfers phosphate from one ADP to another, converting the latter to ATP

60
Q

Creatine Kinase

A

Obtains phosphate from a phosphate-storage molecule creatine phosphate (cp) and gives it to ADP

Anatomy 1 (16 decks)

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