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Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory

A
  • retention of information over time
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2
Q

how often do we use memory

A

all the time; often unaware

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3
Q

Paradox of memory

A

can be amazing; but also terrible

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4
Q

Is memory accurate

A

yes

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5
Q

how do we construct memories

A
  • from small fragements of information
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6
Q

memory is ____

A

malleable

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7
Q

how do we contruct our memeory

A

actively reconstruct

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8
Q

Hyperthymestic syndrome is also known as

A

highly superior autobiographical memory

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9
Q

Hyperthymestic syndrome

A
  • people can often recall every detail in there day with perfect clarity
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10
Q

what are the three types of memory

A
  • Sensory memory
  • Short term (working) memory
  • Long term memory
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11
Q

sensory memory

A
  • closely tied to raw material of experiences
  • brief storage system for perceptual information before it passes onto the short term memory
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12
Q

types of sensory memory

A
  • iconic memory (visual)
  • Echonic memory 9auditory)
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13
Q

sensory memory was studied extensively by

A

Sperling (1960)

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14
Q

Sensory memory methods

A
  • whole memory report
  • partial repost method
  • partial report-delayed method
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15
Q

how long does iconic sensory memory last

A

only a few seconds

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16
Q

Photographic memory

A
  • extremely rare
  • hold a visual image in their mind with such clarity that can describe it perfectly
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17
Q

Photographic memory suspected cause

A

may be due to long iconic sensory memory duration
- allows more detailed memories to be stored

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18
Q

photographic memory is also known as

A

eidetic imagery

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19
Q

Short term memeory is also referred to

A

woking memory

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20
Q

STM

A

memory system that retains a limited amount of information for a limited duration

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21
Q

why is short term memory referred to as working memory

A

because information is held in the STM is information we are currently thinking about, attending to, or actively processing. It is what we are consciously aware of and working with

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22
Q

how long is STM

A

no greater than 20secs
- without using control process

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23
Q

control process

A
  • things we do to keep refreshing information in the STM so it doesn’t degrade
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24
Q

control process example

A

Rehearsal
- repeating words over and over to yourself

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25
Q

Short term memeory duration can be explained by

A

Brown- Peterson and Peterson Task

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26
Q

what is the Brown-Peterson and Peterson task

A
  • give participants a list of item
  • give then a distractor task
  • after the distractor task, ask people to recall as many items as possible
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27
Q

How can memory be lost in short term memory

A
  • decay
  • interference
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28
Q

Decay

A

the loss of STM information due to the passage of time

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29
Q

Interference

A
  • new and old information create conflict that causes information to be lost from the system
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30
Q

What are the two types of Interference

A
  • Proactive
  • Retroactive
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31
Q

proactive interference

A
  • old information causes problems for learning about new interreference
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32
Q

Retroactive interference

A
  • new learning causes problems for earlier learning
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33
Q

Millers magic number

A

Capacity of short term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items

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34
Q

STM capacity was originally tested using

A

digit span test

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35
Q

Most adults have a digit span of

A

5-9 items

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36
Q

how can you increase STM capacity

A
  • chunking
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37
Q

chunking

A

process by which we group items into larger “bits”

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38
Q

how can you increase duration

A

rehearsal

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39
Q

what are the 2 different types of rehearsal

A
  • Maintenance
  • Elaborative
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40
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A
  • simply repeating information back into its original form
  • generally effortless
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41
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

elaborate on things that we need to remember by linking them together in a meaningful way
- takes effort

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42
Q

Elaborative rehearsal supports the idea

A

that there are different levels of processing (LOP)

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43
Q

LOP

A
  • states the more meaningfully we engage in material, the better we remember it
  • levels range from shallow (worst) to deep (best)
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44
Q

Long term memory

A
  • our relatively enduring (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
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45
Q

LTM has a longer ______ and ______ than STM

A

capacity
duration

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46
Q

errors in LTM are generally based on

A

semantic information
- mistakes often related to meaning

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47
Q

errors in STM are generally

A

acoustic
- mixing up information based on similar sounding items

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48
Q

Serial position effect

A
  • refers to the U-shaped relationship between a words position in a list, and its probability of recall
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49
Q

what do we tend to see from the serial position effect

A
  • primacy
  • recency
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50
Q

what are the 2 main divisions of LTM

A
  • Explicit (declarative)
  • Implicit (non-declarative)
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51
Q

what are the 2 types of declarative memory

A
  • Semantic
  • episodic
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52
Q

what are the 4 tpyes of non delcaritive memory

A
  • procedural
  • priming
  • conditioning
  • habituation
53
Q

Explicit memory

A
  • memory we are able to recall intentionally. Requires conscious effort to recall. Information is easy to verbalize
54
Q

Semantic memory

A

our knowledge about facts and our world

55
Q

Episodic memory

A

Our recollection of events in our lives

56
Q

Implicit memory

A

memory that we do not recall intentionally, and cannot (or cannot easily) verbalize when asked. Do not require conscious effort to recall

57
Q

Priming

A

our ability to identifiy a stimulus more easily or more quickly when we have encountered it before

58
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for motor skills and habits

59
Q

Stem completion task

A

fill in the blank however you want (but you must use the piece given how it is presented)

60
Q

what are the three processes of memory

A
  • Encoding
  • storage
  • retrieval
61
Q

Encoding

A

translating information into a neural code so that is can be stored for later

62
Q

Storage

A

the process by which information is maintained over time

63
Q

Retrieval

A

the recall or reconstruction of the information from long term memory for use

64
Q

In the library process encoding can be compaired to

A

using a computer

65
Q

in the library process storage can be compaired to

A

the librian putting books into the proper section of the library

66
Q

in the library process retrieval can be comparied to

A

looking up the book in the catelogy and retrieving the book

67
Q

encoding is linked to

A

attention

68
Q

what hinders encoding

A

distraction

69
Q

Encoding can be demostrated by the

A

next in line effect

70
Q

how can encoding can be improved

A

mnemonics
- first letter technique
- Bizarre and interactive imagery
- method of Loci
- peg word method

71
Q

mnemonics

A
  • any learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
  • they operate by enhancing encoding
72
Q

First letter technique

A
  • create an acronym using he first letter of each to-be-remembered item in a list
73
Q

what is an example of the first letter technique

A

Roy G. Biv

74
Q

what are the 2 visual based mnemonics

A
  • bizarre imagery
  • interactive imagery
75
Q

method of loci

A
  • memory strategy which relies on visual mental imagery of places, and putting to-be-remebered items into visualized space
76
Q

Pegword Method

A
  • strategy used to remember lists
  • typically involves memorizing a list of items that rhyme, and then associating new to-be-remembered items with the items on the peg-board
77
Q

how we store information depends apon

A

how we store information depends on our interpretation and expectations of the information

78
Q

Schemas

A

an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory
- assists us with interpretation new situations
- helps reduce the amount of information we need to store about common situations/locations/events

79
Q

a special type of schema is known as a ____

A

script

80
Q

Schemas can lead to memory errors, such as ____________

A

oversimplification

81
Q

Schemas can be demonstrated by which experiement

A

brewer & Treyens (1981)
- office schema memory errors

82
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting information from our long term memory and bringing it to conscious awareness

83
Q

many memory errors are a failure of

A

retrieval

84
Q

Retrieval is facilitated by the presence of

A

retrieval cues

85
Q

retrieval cues

A

hints that it easier for us to recall information

86
Q

what are the three ways of measuring retrieval

A
  • recall testing
  • recognition
  • relearning
87
Q

recall testing examples

A

short answer questions; essay questions; cued recall test

88
Q

Recognition testing example

A

multiple choice question

89
Q

Relearning example

A

Ebbinghaus studies

90
Q

Recall testing is demonstrated in which experiement

A

Mantyla (1986)

91
Q

Relearning: Ebbinghaus (1185)

A
  • studied lists of “nonsense syllables”
  • after learning a list, waited a period of time before trying to recall it
  • would the relearn the list until could be repeated without error
  • compaired time it took to learn the list originally to the time it took to learn the list the second time
  • second time always faster. Some memory “saved”. Called it “savings”
92
Q

law of Distributed vs. Massed Practice

A
  • learning material over many short bursts leads to much more effective retrieval than learning in one long session
93
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Phenomena

A

TOT is the experience of knowing we know something, but cannot get the detail out at the right time
- highlights an eror with retrival

94
Q

does a TOT experience happen is someone who uses sign language

A

yes

95
Q

Encoding specificity

A

is the phenomena where we are more likely to remember information if the when there is a match between conditions at study (encoding) and test (retrieval)

96
Q

What are the 2 main types of encoding specificity

A
  • context dependent learning
  • state dependent learning
97
Q

Context dependent learning is demonstrated in which experiment

A

Godden & Baddeley (1975): the “diving experiment”

98
Q

Context dependent learning

A

shows this context dependent condition also works with auditory noise

99
Q

Context dependent learning

A
  • matching the internal stateat study and test enhances recall
  • very similiar to how matching context between study and test enhances recall
100
Q

Engram

A

the physical trace of each memory in the brain
- memories of different types of experiences are stored in differnt brain regions

101
Q

engrams are located in

A

assemblies

102
Q

Engrams also described

A

the neurobiological process of memory formation: Long-term potentiation

103
Q

Long Term potentiation (LTP)

A

the gradula stretching of the connections amoung neurons from repetivie stimulation

104
Q

LTP is prominent is

A

the hippocampal neurons, amygdala, and the neocortex

105
Q

LTP demonstrates

A

that an engram does not exist; instead, memories are diffusely stored

106
Q

where is memory largely stored

A

prefrontal cortex

107
Q

Hippocampus role in memory

A
  • does not store memories itself; is activated to help develop/strengthen neural connections in the prefrontal cortex and other areas
108
Q

hippocampus is needed for

A

encoding

109
Q

generalized amnesia

A
  • losing all memory of their past life
  • very rare
    treatment happens slowly (if at all)
110
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

is the loos of information that happened in the past

111
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A
  • is the inability to form new long term memories
  • “forward acting”
  • most common type
112
Q

Amygdala role in emotional memory

A

helps recall information associated with fearful events

113
Q

Hippocampus role in emotional memory

A

helps us recall the events themselves

114
Q

memory usually declines after the age of

A

65

115
Q

what is the most common cause of dementia

A

Alzheimers disease

116
Q

Alzheimers disease

A
  • results in memory and language loss.
    -Consistant with cortical tissue loss in associated areas
  • no cure; treatments only slow progression
117
Q

meta memory skills

A
118
Q

Infantile Amnesia

A
  • inability of adults to retrive accurate memories before 2-3 years of age
    WHY??? hippocampus is only partially developed in infants
119
Q

Fasle memory effects

A
  • flashbulb memories
  • source monitoring errors
  • the misinformation effect and other implanted false memories
120
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

an emotional memory that is extraordinary vivid and detailed

121
Q

Source monitoring confusion

A

lack of clarity about the orgin of a memory

122
Q

Crytomnesia

A

failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

123
Q

what are the three source monitoring errors

A
  • source monitoring confusion
    -“wishful thinking bias
  • crytomnesia
124
Q

Misinformation effect

A

creation of fictitous memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place

125
Q

Misinformation effect is demonstrated in which experiment

A

Loftus (1978)
- stop vs. yeild sign experiement
- showed MPI effect

126
Q

Misleading post information makes _____ unrealiable

A

eyewitness testimonies

127
Q

eye witness testimonies are less accurate when

A
  • people observe individuals of a race other than their own
  • talk to other witnesses
  • when the catch only a breif glimpse of the criminal
  • when they view crime under stressful situations (threatened)
  • when there is a gun
128
Q

stradiges to combat problems with eyewitness testimonies

A
  • congnitive interviewing
  • gather witness statements as quickly as possible
  • rely on more reports that are gathered shortly after the event
  • corroborate witness statements with other forms of evidence
129
Q

Cognitive interviewing

A

a procedure to interview witnesses that is based n what is known about memory retrieval errors
- witness talk with minimal interruptions
- multidimensional
- providing questions that may begin but still may serve as retrieval cues

psychology (13 decks)

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