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Chapter 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hallucinations

A

realistic perceptual experiences in the absense of external stimuli
- can occur in any sensory modality
- often perceived as real by the person experiencing them

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2
Q

how common are hallucination

A

quite common
- between 10-39% of university student have reported having a hallucination during the day at least once (not due to drugs)

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3
Q

out of body experience (OBE)

A
  • are a sense of conciouness leaving the body
  • feeling of watching yourself do something
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4
Q

how common are OBE

A

Very common
- approximetly 25% of university students
- 10% of the general public

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5
Q

Near death experiences (NDE)

A

are special type of OBE that is reported by people who have nearly died, or thought they were going to die

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6
Q

what percentage of people who has a NDE report an OBE

A

25%

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7
Q

what are the four classic elements of a near death experience

A
  • tunnel of bright light
  • life review
  • see dead relatives / loved ones
  • seeing a “being of light”
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8
Q

Deja Vu

A

experience of reliving an experience that is new
- frequently tends to decline iwth age

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9
Q

how common is deja vu

A

66% of people experience at least one episode

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10
Q

what are the causes of deja vu

A
  • no clear answer
  • maybe excess dopamine in the temporal lobes
  • abnormal electrical activity in the right temporal lobe
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11
Q

mystical experiences

A

feelings of unity or oneness with the world
- transcendence of time and space, and feelings of wonder and awe
- very rare and unpredicable (hard to study)
- unique to a person

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12
Q

mystical experiences can have

A

a lifelong impression on a person

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13
Q

Mystical experiences result during an fMRI

A

distinctive patterns of brain activity when highly religious people relieve mystical experiences

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14
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • a interpersonal situation in which a person in the role of “hypnotist” administers imaginative suggestions to produce changes in consciousness in a person designated as the patient/client or experimental participants
  • has been viewed as pseudoscientific
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15
Q

what is the first step in hypnosis

A

induction

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16
Q

what is the second step in hypnosis

A

suggestions

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17
Q

the effectiveness in suggestions in hypnosis depends on

A

how suggestible people are, and their expectations regarding hypnosis

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18
Q

hypnosis is most effective

A

in combination with other recognized treatments

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19
Q

what are the six myths of hypnosis

A
  1. produces a trance state in which “amazing” things can happen
  2. hypnotic phenomena are unique
  3. hypnosis is sleep like
  4. hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings
  5. hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis
  6. hypnosis enhances memory
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20
Q

what are the two major theories of hypnosis

A
  • social congitive theory
  • dissociation theory
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21
Q

social cognitive theory

A

states that people beliefs, attitudes, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis

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22
Q

dissociation theory

A
  • is an approach to explain hypnosis based on seperation between personality functions that are normally integrated
  • main part his hypnotized and impacted by suggestions, while the other part is affected by a hidden observer
  • hypnosis bypasses our sense of control we feel over our own behaviours
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23
Q

psychoactive drugs

A
  • influence how our brains operate,
  • typically leads to a feeling of altered conciouness
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24
Q

effects of psychoactive drugs are based on

A
  • type of drug
  • does
  • expectations
  • mental set
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25
mental set =
expectations
26
depressants examples
- alcohol - sedativr-hypnotics - barbiturates - quaaludes - Valium
27
depressants effect on behaviour
- decreased activity of the CNS - initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration
28
stimulants examples
- tabacco - cocaine - amphetamines - methamphetamine - caffine
29
stimulants effect
- increased activity of the CNS - sense of alertness, well being and energy - increase heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
30
opiates examples
- heroine - morphine - codeine
31
opiates effects
- sense of euphoria - decreased pain
32
psychedelics examples
- Marijuanna - LSD - Ecstasy - PCP
33
psychedelics
- most are considered hallucinogens (dramatic alteration in perception, mood and thought)
34
substance use disorder
when people experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drug
35
what is a key feature of substance use disorders
tolerance
36
how common is substance use disorder
- 31% of university students met criteria for substance abuse - 10 percent of drinkers meet criteria for alcohol dependance
37
what are the two types of drug dependance
- physical - psychological
38
physical dependence
- when people take a drug to avoid withdraw symptoms
39
psychological dependence
- when the use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings. -- when people feel like they need it to be "normal"
40
explinations of drug use and abuse
- sociocultural influences - personality - learning and expectations - genetic influence
41
what is the most widely abused drug in canada
Alcohol
42
small doses of alcohol (BAC<0.5) leads to
- relaxation - elevated mood - increased talkativeness and activity - lowered inhibitions - impaired judgement
43
high does (0.5-1.0) of blood alcohol leads to
- slowed thinking - impaired concentration - impaired walking/talking - impaired muscular coordination
44
Alcohol effect on neurotransmitters
- increases GABA activity (main inhibitory NT) - decreases glutamate (main excitatory NT)
45
short term effects of intoxication
directly related to blood alcohol
46
what gender absorbs alcohol faster
women - leads to higher BAC
47
In Canada what is illegal BAC to opperate a motor vehicle
range from 0.5-0.8
48
sedative hypnotics are used to treat
acute anxiety and insomnia
49
why are sedative hypnotics dangerous
dangerous at high doses because of their strong depressive effect - can produce unconciouness, coma and death
50
what are the three categories of sedative hypnotics
- Barbiturates (nembutal, Seconal, ect.) - non-barbiturates (Qualaludes, Sopor) - Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
51
what are the popular stimulants
- nicotine - cocaine - amphetamines
52
nicotine
- addictive - activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine - produces feeling of stimulation, relaxation, and increased alertness
53
what is the most powerful natural stimulant
cocaine
54
cocaine effects
- leads to experiences of enhanced mental and physical capacity, stimulation, a decrease in hunger, indifference to pain, and a sense of wellbeing accompanied by decreased fatigue
55
amphetamines effects
- powerful stimulants that reduce appitie, decrease need for sleep, and sometimes reduce feelings of depression (when used through prescription)
56
amphetamines effect on NT
increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity
57
cocaine effects on NT
- increases the activity of neurotransmitter dopamine and perhaps seratonin
58
nicotine effect on NT
- activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
59
what are the common opioids
- heroin - morphine - codiene - OxyContin - Fentanyl - Carfentanyl
60
narcotics
legal term for illegal drugs that alter the state of conciousness/mind while also inducing sleep and releiving pain
61
opioids effects
- potent opioids produce strong sense of euphoria that lasts for 3-4hrs. (euphoric effects decrease habitual use - serve withdrawal symptoms
62
is marijuana a hallucinogen
No - researchers do not classify it as such because it doesn't typically produce the same severity of hallucinations
63
prior to legalization what what the most used drug in Canada
maijuana
64
in marijuana what ingredient produces the psychoactive effects
THC
65
what are the short term effects of low does marijuana
- sense of time slowing down - enhanced sensations of touch - increased apprication for sound - hunger - feelings of wellbeing - tendancy to giggle
66
what are the effects of high doses of marijuana
- disruptions in short term memory and attention - exaggerated emotions - altered sense of self
67
how long does the intoxication effects of marijuana last
2-3 hrs
68
effects of Hallucinogens on NT
- interference with seratonin at the synapse
69
effects of Hallucinogens
- clear thoughts - dramatic changes in sensation (including synestheia) - panic -paranoid - delusions - confusion
70
ecstacy is also known as
MDMA
71
MDMA properties
stimulant and hallucinogen
72
MDMA effect on NT
cascade of serotonin in the brain
73
MDMA effects
- increase in self confidence and wellbeing - intense feelings of empathy for others - high BP - rebound depression - liver problems - possible memory loss - damage to neurone that rely on seratonin
74
Consciousness can be
changed depending on various factors

psychology (13 decks)

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