Chapter 5.2 Flashcards
Hallucinations
realistic perceptual experiences in the absense of external stimuli
- can occur in any sensory modality
- often perceived as real by the person experiencing them
how common are hallucination
quite common
- between 10-39% of university student have reported having a hallucination during the day at least once (not due to drugs)
out of body experience (OBE)
- are a sense of conciouness leaving the body
- feeling of watching yourself do something
how common are OBE
Very common
- approximetly 25% of university students
- 10% of the general public
Near death experiences (NDE)
are special type of OBE that is reported by people who have nearly died, or thought they were going to die
what percentage of people who has a NDE report an OBE
25%
what are the four classic elements of a near death experience
- tunnel of bright light
- life review
- see dead relatives / loved ones
- seeing a “being of light”
Deja Vu
experience of reliving an experience that is new
- frequently tends to decline iwth age
how common is deja vu
66% of people experience at least one episode
what are the causes of deja vu
- no clear answer
- maybe excess dopamine in the temporal lobes
- abnormal electrical activity in the right temporal lobe
mystical experiences
feelings of unity or oneness with the world
- transcendence of time and space, and feelings of wonder and awe
- very rare and unpredicable (hard to study)
- unique to a person
mystical experiences can have
a lifelong impression on a person
Mystical experiences result during an fMRI
distinctive patterns of brain activity when highly religious people relieve mystical experiences
Hypnosis
- a interpersonal situation in which a person in the role of “hypnotist” administers imaginative suggestions to produce changes in consciousness in a person designated as the patient/client or experimental participants
- has been viewed as pseudoscientific
what is the first step in hypnosis
induction
what is the second step in hypnosis
suggestions
the effectiveness in suggestions in hypnosis depends on
how suggestible people are, and their expectations regarding hypnosis
hypnosis is most effective
in combination with other recognized treatments
what are the six myths of hypnosis
- produces a trance state in which “amazing” things can happen
- hypnotic phenomena are unique
- hypnosis is sleep like
- hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings
- hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis
- hypnosis enhances memory
what are the two major theories of hypnosis
- social congitive theory
- dissociation theory
social cognitive theory
states that people beliefs, attitudes, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis
dissociation theory
- is an approach to explain hypnosis based on seperation between personality functions that are normally integrated
- main part his hypnotized and impacted by suggestions, while the other part is affected by a hidden observer
- hypnosis bypasses our sense of control we feel over our own behaviours
psychoactive drugs
- influence how our brains operate,
- typically leads to a feeling of altered conciouness
effects of psychoactive drugs are based on
- type of drug
- does
- expectations
- mental set
mental set =
expectations
depressants examples
- alcohol
- sedativr-hypnotics
- barbiturates
- quaaludes
- Valium
depressants effect on behaviour
- decreased activity of the CNS
- initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration
stimulants examples
- tabacco
- cocaine
- amphetamines
- methamphetamine
- caffine
stimulants effect
- increased activity of the CNS
- sense of alertness, well being and energy
- increase heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
opiates examples
- heroine
- morphine
- codeine
opiates effects
- sense of euphoria
- decreased pain
psychedelics examples
- Marijuanna
- LSD
- Ecstasy
- PCP
psychedelics
- most are considered hallucinogens (dramatic alteration in perception, mood and thought)
substance use disorder
when people experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drug
what is a key feature of substance use disorders
tolerance
how common is substance use disorder
- 31% of university students met criteria for substance abuse
- 10 percent of drinkers meet criteria for alcohol dependance
what are the two types of drug dependance
- physical
- psychological
physical dependence
- when people take a drug to avoid withdraw symptoms
psychological dependence
- when the use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings.
– when people feel like they need it to be “normal”
explinations of drug use and abuse
- sociocultural influences
- personality
- learning and expectations
- genetic influence
what is the most widely abused drug in canada
Alcohol
small doses of alcohol (BAC<0.5) leads to
- relaxation
- elevated mood
- increased talkativeness and activity
- lowered inhibitions
- impaired judgement
high does (0.5-1.0) of blood alcohol leads to
- slowed thinking
- impaired concentration
- impaired walking/talking
- impaired muscular coordination
Alcohol effect on neurotransmitters
- increases GABA activity (main inhibitory NT)
- decreases glutamate (main excitatory NT)
short term effects of intoxication
directly related to blood alcohol
what gender absorbs alcohol faster
women
- leads to higher BAC
In Canada what is illegal BAC to opperate a motor vehicle
range from 0.5-0.8
sedative hypnotics are used to treat
acute anxiety and insomnia
why are sedative hypnotics dangerous
dangerous at high doses because of their strong depressive effect
- can produce unconciouness, coma and death
what are the three categories of sedative hypnotics
- Barbiturates (nembutal, Seconal, ect.)
- non-barbiturates (Qualaludes, Sopor)
- Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
what are the popular stimulants
- nicotine
- cocaine
- amphetamines
nicotine
- addictive
- activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
- produces feeling of stimulation, relaxation, and increased alertness
what is the most powerful natural stimulant
cocaine
cocaine effects
- leads to experiences of enhanced mental and physical capacity, stimulation, a decrease in hunger, indifference to pain, and a sense of wellbeing accompanied by decreased fatigue
amphetamines effects
- powerful stimulants that reduce appitie, decrease need for sleep, and sometimes reduce feelings of depression (when used through prescription)
amphetamines effect on NT
increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity
cocaine effects on NT
- increases the activity of neurotransmitter dopamine and perhaps seratonin
nicotine effect on NT
- activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
what are the common opioids
- heroin
- morphine
- codiene
- OxyContin
- Fentanyl
- Carfentanyl
narcotics
legal term for illegal drugs that alter the state of conciousness/mind while also inducing sleep and releiving pain
opioids effects
- potent opioids produce strong sense of euphoria that lasts for 3-4hrs. (euphoric effects decrease habitual use
- serve withdrawal symptoms
is marijuana a hallucinogen
No
- researchers do not classify it as such because it doesn’t typically produce the same severity of hallucinations
prior to legalization what what the most used drug in Canada
maijuana
in marijuana what ingredient produces the psychoactive effects
THC
what are the short term effects of low does marijuana
- sense of time slowing down
- enhanced sensations of touch
- increased apprication for sound
- hunger
- feelings of wellbeing
- tendancy to giggle
what are the effects of high doses of marijuana
- disruptions in short term memory and attention
- exaggerated emotions
- altered sense of self
how long does the intoxication effects of marijuana last
2-3 hrs
effects of Hallucinogens on NT
- interference with seratonin at the synapse
effects of Hallucinogens
- clear thoughts
- dramatic changes in sensation (including synestheia)
- panic
-paranoid - delusions
- confusion
ecstacy is also known as
MDMA
MDMA properties
stimulant and hallucinogen
MDMA effect on NT
cascade of serotonin in the brain
MDMA effects
- increase in self confidence and wellbeing
- intense feelings of empathy for others
- high BP
- rebound depression
- liver problems
- possible memory loss
- damage to neurone that rely on seratonin
Consciousness can be
changed depending on various factors
