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psychology > Chapter 5.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 5.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hallucinations

A

realistic perceptual experiences in the absense of external stimuli
- can occur in any sensory modality
- often perceived as real by the person experiencing them

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2
Q

how common are hallucination

A

quite common
- between 10-39% of university student have reported having a hallucination during the day at least once (not due to drugs)

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3
Q

out of body experience (OBE)

A
  • are a sense of conciouness leaving the body
  • feeling of watching yourself do something
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4
Q

how common are OBE

A

Very common
- approximetly 25% of university students
- 10% of the general public

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5
Q

Near death experiences (NDE)

A

are special type of OBE that is reported by people who have nearly died, or thought they were going to die

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6
Q

what percentage of people who has a NDE report an OBE

A

25%

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7
Q

what are the four classic elements of a near death experience

A
  • tunnel of bright light
  • life review
  • see dead relatives / loved ones
  • seeing a “being of light”
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8
Q

Deja Vu

A

experience of reliving an experience that is new
- frequently tends to decline iwth age

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9
Q

how common is deja vu

A

66% of people experience at least one episode

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10
Q

what are the causes of deja vu

A
  • no clear answer
  • maybe excess dopamine in the temporal lobes
  • abnormal electrical activity in the right temporal lobe
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11
Q

mystical experiences

A

feelings of unity or oneness with the world
- transcendence of time and space, and feelings of wonder and awe
- very rare and unpredicable (hard to study)
- unique to a person

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12
Q

mystical experiences can have

A

a lifelong impression on a person

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13
Q

Mystical experiences result during an fMRI

A

distinctive patterns of brain activity when highly religious people relieve mystical experiences

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14
Q

Hypnosis

A
  • a interpersonal situation in which a person in the role of “hypnotist” administers imaginative suggestions to produce changes in consciousness in a person designated as the patient/client or experimental participants
  • has been viewed as pseudoscientific
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15
Q

what is the first step in hypnosis

A

induction

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16
Q

what is the second step in hypnosis

A

suggestions

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17
Q

the effectiveness in suggestions in hypnosis depends on

A

how suggestible people are, and their expectations regarding hypnosis

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18
Q

hypnosis is most effective

A

in combination with other recognized treatments

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19
Q

what are the six myths of hypnosis

A
  1. produces a trance state in which “amazing” things can happen
  2. hypnotic phenomena are unique
  3. hypnosis is sleep like
  4. hypnotized people are unaware of their surroundings
  5. hypnotized people forget what happened during hypnosis
  6. hypnosis enhances memory
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20
Q

what are the two major theories of hypnosis

A
  • social congitive theory
  • dissociation theory
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21
Q

social cognitive theory

A

states that people beliefs, attitudes, motivations, and expectations about hypnosis, as well as their ability to respond to waking imaginative suggestions, shape their responses to hypnosis

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22
Q

dissociation theory

A
  • is an approach to explain hypnosis based on seperation between personality functions that are normally integrated
  • main part his hypnotized and impacted by suggestions, while the other part is affected by a hidden observer
  • hypnosis bypasses our sense of control we feel over our own behaviours
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23
Q

psychoactive drugs

A
  • influence how our brains operate,
  • typically leads to a feeling of altered conciouness
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24
Q

effects of psychoactive drugs are based on

A
  • type of drug
  • does
  • expectations
  • mental set
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25
Q

mental set =

A

expectations

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26
Q

depressants examples

A
  • alcohol
  • sedativr-hypnotics
  • barbiturates
  • quaaludes
  • Valium
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27
Q

depressants effect on behaviour

A
  • decreased activity of the CNS
  • initial high followed by sleepiness, slower thinking, and impaired concentration
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28
Q

stimulants examples

A
  • tabacco
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines
  • methamphetamine
  • caffine
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29
Q

stimulants effect

A
  • increased activity of the CNS
  • sense of alertness, well being and energy
  • increase heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
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30
Q

opiates examples

A
  • heroine
  • morphine
  • codeine
31
Q

opiates effects

A
  • sense of euphoria
  • decreased pain
32
Q

psychedelics examples

A
  • Marijuanna
  • LSD
  • Ecstasy
  • PCP
33
Q

psychedelics

A
  • most are considered hallucinogens (dramatic alteration in perception, mood and thought)
34
Q

substance use disorder

A

when people experience recurrent significant impairment or distress associated with one or more drug

35
Q

what is a key feature of substance use disorders

A

tolerance

36
Q

how common is substance use disorder

A
  • 31% of university students met criteria for substance abuse
  • 10 percent of drinkers meet criteria for alcohol dependance
37
Q

what are the two types of drug dependance

A
  • physical
  • psychological
38
Q

physical dependence

A
  • when people take a drug to avoid withdraw symptoms
39
Q

psychological dependence

A
  • when the use of the drug is motivated by intense cravings.
    – when people feel like they need it to be “normal”
40
Q

explinations of drug use and abuse

A
  • sociocultural influences
  • personality
  • learning and expectations
  • genetic influence
41
Q

what is the most widely abused drug in canada

A

Alcohol

42
Q

small doses of alcohol (BAC<0.5) leads to

A
  • relaxation
  • elevated mood
  • increased talkativeness and activity
  • lowered inhibitions
  • impaired judgement
43
Q

high does (0.5-1.0) of blood alcohol leads to

A
  • slowed thinking
  • impaired concentration
  • impaired walking/talking
  • impaired muscular coordination
44
Q

Alcohol effect on neurotransmitters

A
  • increases GABA activity (main inhibitory NT)
  • decreases glutamate (main excitatory NT)
45
Q

short term effects of intoxication

A

directly related to blood alcohol

46
Q

what gender absorbs alcohol faster

A

women
- leads to higher BAC

47
Q

In Canada what is illegal BAC to opperate a motor vehicle

A

range from 0.5-0.8

48
Q

sedative hypnotics are used to treat

A

acute anxiety and insomnia

49
Q

why are sedative hypnotics dangerous

A

dangerous at high doses because of their strong depressive effect
- can produce unconciouness, coma and death

50
Q

what are the three categories of sedative hypnotics

A
  • Barbiturates (nembutal, Seconal, ect.)
  • non-barbiturates (Qualaludes, Sopor)
  • Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax)
51
Q

what are the popular stimulants

A
  • nicotine
  • cocaine
  • amphetamines
52
Q

nicotine

A
  • addictive
  • activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
  • produces feeling of stimulation, relaxation, and increased alertness
53
Q

what is the most powerful natural stimulant

A

cocaine

54
Q

cocaine effects

A
  • leads to experiences of enhanced mental and physical capacity, stimulation, a decrease in hunger, indifference to pain, and a sense of wellbeing accompanied by decreased fatigue
55
Q

amphetamines effects

A
  • powerful stimulants that reduce appitie, decrease need for sleep, and sometimes reduce feelings of depression (when used through prescription)
56
Q

amphetamines effect on NT

A

increase dopamine and norepinephrine activity

57
Q

cocaine effects on NT

A
  • increases the activity of neurotransmitter dopamine and perhaps seratonin
58
Q

nicotine effect on NT

A
  • activates receptors sensitive to acetylcholine
59
Q

what are the common opioids

A
  • heroin
  • morphine
  • codiene
  • OxyContin
  • Fentanyl
  • Carfentanyl
60
Q

narcotics

A

legal term for illegal drugs that alter the state of conciousness/mind while also inducing sleep and releiving pain

61
Q

opioids effects

A
  • potent opioids produce strong sense of euphoria that lasts for 3-4hrs. (euphoric effects decrease habitual use
  • serve withdrawal symptoms
62
Q

is marijuana a hallucinogen

A

No
- researchers do not classify it as such because it doesn’t typically produce the same severity of hallucinations

63
Q

prior to legalization what what the most used drug in Canada

A

maijuana

64
Q

in marijuana what ingredient produces the psychoactive effects

A

THC

65
Q

what are the short term effects of low does marijuana

A
  • sense of time slowing down
  • enhanced sensations of touch
  • increased apprication for sound
  • hunger
  • feelings of wellbeing
  • tendancy to giggle
66
Q

what are the effects of high doses of marijuana

A
  • disruptions in short term memory and attention
  • exaggerated emotions
  • altered sense of self
67
Q

how long does the intoxication effects of marijuana last

A

2-3 hrs

68
Q

effects of Hallucinogens on NT

A
  • interference with seratonin at the synapse
69
Q

effects of Hallucinogens

A
  • clear thoughts
  • dramatic changes in sensation (including synestheia)
  • panic
    -paranoid
  • delusions
  • confusion
70
Q

ecstacy is also known as

A

MDMA

71
Q

MDMA properties

A

stimulant and hallucinogen

72
Q

MDMA effect on NT

A

cascade of serotonin in the brain

73
Q

MDMA effects

A
  • increase in self confidence and wellbeing
  • intense feelings of empathy for others
  • high BP
  • rebound depression
  • liver problems
  • possible memory loss
  • damage to neurone that rely on seratonin
74
Q

Consciousness can be

A

changed depending on various factors

psychology (13 decks)

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