Chapter 6.2

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

the change in an organisms behaviours of thoughts as a result of an experience

Question 2

Did early behaviourists believe thinking played a role in learning

Answer 2

no

Question 3

BF skinner was an advocate of

Answer 3

radical behaviouism

Question 4

SOR (cognitive) model of learning

Answer 4

O= organisms cognitive interpretation of the stimulus
- expand on limited view of S(stimulus and R (response) model

Question 5

in SOR (cognitive) models of learning response depends on

Answer 5

what the stimulus means to the animal

Question 6

Latent learning

Answer 6

learning that is not directly observable
- knowledge that is acquired and can be used later, when needed

Question 7

Strong evidence of latent learning comes from

Answer 7

Blodgett and Tolman

Question 8

Cognitive Map

Answer 8

mental representations of spatial layouts

Question 9

Tolman’s maze learning experiement

Answer 9

• rats could select a novel path after being trained in a similar enviourment
• suggests learning provides knowledge and expectation of “waht lead to what”

Question 10

Observational learning

Answer 10

• learning that occurs by observing the behaviour of a model
• thought to be a special form of latent learning, becasue direct reinforcement is not needed for learning to occur

Question 11

Example of Observational learning

Answer 11

• Classic Bobo Doll experiments by Albert Bandura (1960s)
• children who watch an agressive model yell at the doll imitated the behaviour later. Also more likely to escalate into aggressive behaviour

Question 12

is there a relationship between media violence and aggression

Answer 12

• is a third variable problem
  100s of studies show a correlation between exposure to media violence and increased aggression

Question 13

Mirror neurons

Answer 13

• cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motion when an animal both preforms AND observes the action
• very selective

Question 14

Mirror neurone where originally found in

Answer 14

monkeys; however evidence suggest that humans have them too

Question 15

Insight learning is demostrated by

Answer 15

Kohler (1925)
- some animals may learn this way

Question 16

Insight learning

Answer 16

• the sudden understanding of the solution to the problem

Question 17

Biological preparedness

Answer 17

• biological prewired to learn behaviours related to survival
• behaviours contrary to the natural tendencies are learned vary slowly, if at all

Question 18

How are taste aversions formed

Answer 18

learned
- classically conditioned: associated between the taste of food and feelings of illness/disgust

Question 19

What are the ways that Classical Taste Eversions (CTAs) differ from classical conditioning

Answer 19

• can be learned in a single trial
• there can be a very long delay between the CS and UCS, with little to no impact on the liklihood of developing a CTA
• are very specific

Question 20

Garcia (1985)

Answer 20

• showed rats could easily learn a taste aversion to flavours
• but could not easily learn a taste aversion to sights/sounds
• contradicts the assumption of equipotentiality

Question 21

equipotententiality

Question 22

Preparedness

Answer 22

innate tendency for an organsim to more easily learn certain types of behaviours or to associate certain types of events with eachother

Question 23

Preparedness and Phobias is demonstrated in what what experience

Answer 23

Cook & Mineka (1989)

Question 24

Cook & Mineka (1989) experiment process

Answer 24

Group 1: flowers/toy rabbit + video of money displaying fear
Group 2: toy snake/toy crocodile + video of monkey displaying fear
- group 2 learned fear response extremely quickly

Question 25

Instrictive Drift

Answer 25

• the tendency of animals to return to innate behaviours following repeated reinforcement

Question 26

Instinctive Drift is demostrated by which experiment

Answer 26

Breland & Breland 1961

Question 27

Breland & Breland 1961

Answer 27

• pig trained to deposit coin in piggy bank (didnt work out so well)
• raccon trained to deposit the coin (also did not work)

Question 28

Sleep -assisted learning

Answer 28

• the idea that you can learn new material while you sleep
• Example: listening to an audio book when sleeping

Question 29

does sleep assisted learning work

Answer 29

no
- sleep can help with learning, just not in this direct way

Question 30

How does sleep help with learning

Answer 30

• getting adequate sleep
• sleeping between studying sessions
• helps people maintain certain information

Question 31

Accelerated learning

Answer 31

• supposedly allows people to learn new information 25x to 100x as quickly as normal

Question 32

What are the techniques mixed together to create SALTT

Answer 32

• getting students to expect they will learn more quickly
• visualize information for what they are learning
• playing classical music during learning
• breathing in a regular rhythym when learning

Question 33

does SALTT work

Answer 33

• there is no evidence to support their claims

Question 34

Discovery learning

Answer 34

when students are given experimental material and asked to figure out scientific principles on there own
- not advised on a stand alone approach

Question 35

direct instruction

Answer 35

telling students how to solve problems, is typically more effective and efficient

Question 36

Is there evidence to support learning styles

Answer 36

no evidence lt enhances learning

Question 37

Learning styles

Answer 37

• idea that every student has their own preferred way of acquiring information; if the content presented matches the students learning styles, learning will be more effective and efficient

Question 38

what are the 4 different learning styles

Answer 38

• visual
• auditory
• reading/writing
• kinaesthetic