Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are emotions
- mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experience
emotions include
physiological reactions, behaviour, and mental experiences
Discrete emotions theory
- humans only experience a small set of primary emotions that are rooted in biology
- emotions are adapted; shaped through elevation
- argues emotion precedes thought
- each emotion is associated with a distinct motor program
emotions in animals
have an uncanny resemblance to human emotions
when do babies start to smile when they see a firmilar face
6 weeks
when do babies smile when they learn something new
3 mounths
newborn babies smile during ______ sleep
REM
Emotions are _______
universal
- research shows that people can recognize and generate the same emotional expressions across cultures
what study proves that universal emotions could be due to globalization
Ekman faces (1971)
- studied isolated tribe; they displayed the 7 primary emotions
primary emotions
those that are culturally universal
how many primary emotions are there
7
what are the 7 primary emotions
- happiness
- disgust
- fear
- sadness
- surprise
- contempt
- anger
what is the 8th debated primary emotions
pride
Secondary emotions
are those that are a mixture of primary emotions
can secondary emotions differ across cultures
yes
what are some examples of secondary emotions
- hatred
- alarm
-glee
-jealously
hatred is a combination of what primary emotions
disgust + anger
alarm is a combination of what primary emotions
fear+ suprise
glee is a combination of what primary emotiosn
happiness + sadness
jealousy is a combination of what primary emotions
anger + sadness
of the primary emotions what concept highlights cultural differences, or societal guidelines for how and when to display emotions
display rules
display rules
- cultural differences, or guidelines for how and when to display emotions
display rules was studied by
Friesen (1972)
what are th cognitive theories
- James Lange
- Somatic Marker
- Cannon Bard
- Two factor
real smile =
deucem smile
fake smile
panam smile
James Lange Theory
emotions result from our INTERPRETATIONS of our bodily reactions to stimuli
- afraid because we are running away
cognitive theories believe
that emotions are a product of thought
Cannon Bard Theory
are emotions provoking event leads SIMULTANEOUSLY to an emotion and bodily reactions
- run away and feel fear at the same time
Somatic Marker Theory
- uses our “GUT REACTIONS” to gauge how we should act
- occurs automatically
Two factor theory
emotions are produced by undifferential arousal (alertness), with an ATTRIBUTION of that arousal
- emotions are the explanation we make of our arousal
discrete emotion theory is porbably correct in that
emotions are shaped through evolution
cognitive theory is probably correct in the idea that
thinking influences our emotions
two factor theory. is probably correct in the idea that
- physiological arousal plays a key role in the intensity of our emotional reaction
Subliminal exposure
Exposures below the level of awareness
- to positive or negative cues influence mood
Mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to a stimulus make us more likely to feel positivity towards it
facial feedback hypothesis
you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial expressions
facial feedback hypothesis could be due to
classical conditioning
large amounts of emotional expression is
non verbal
examples of nonverbal expressions of emotions
facial expressions, gestures, posture
nonverbal leakage
gives away a persons emotions, even when trying to hide it
what are the 3 main types of gestures
- illustrators
- manipulators
- emblems
illustrators
gestures that highlight speech
manipulators
gestures where the body part touches another part of the body
(ie. crossed arms)
emblems
gestures that convey conventional meanings recognized by a culture (ie. nodding yes)
Proxemics
the stude of personal space
what are the 4 levels of distance
- public
- social
- personal
- intimate
what is the typical distance for public
12 ft or more
what is the typical distance for social
4-12 ft
what is the typical distance for personal
1.5-4 ft
what is the typical distance for intimate
0-1.5 ft
are humans good at telling when each other are lying
no
- approx. only 55% accurate
what are cues to tell when someone is lying
- illustrators decrease
- emblems, and manipulators increase
what is the best way to tell if someone is lying
listen to WHAT they say; not how they say it
How do polygraph test work?
- modern polygraph test measure autonomic activity
- labels arousal as guilty
Pinocchio response
a perfect physiological or behavioral indicators of lying
is the polygraph test accurate
- very high false positives
- incorrectly labels innocent individuals as guilty at a high rate (.40%)
Guilty Knowledge Tests (GKT)
- test for concealed knowledge of items from the crime scene when using questionnaires and physiological measures
Brain Scanning Behaviours
- look at brain wave changes when lying
Truth Serum
- Barbiturates such as sodium Pentothal; relaxes people
Intergrity Tests
- questionaires that asses workers tendency to steal or cheat
what are other test (other than polygraph) to detect lying
- Guilty knowledge test
- brain scanning technique
- Truth Serum
- Intergrity tests
Positive Psychology
emphasizes human strengths, such as resilience, coping, life satisfaction
- think of individuals as inherently good
broadens and build theory
- happiness predisposes us to thinking more openly, allowing us to see the “big picture” we might have otherwise overlooked
happiness is associated with
a longer life
- causation
what are happiness myths
- happiness does not depends on what happens to us
- money makes us happy
- happiness declines with age
- people on the west coast (of north America) are the happiest
9 examples of things associated with higher levels of happiness
- marriage
- friends
- collage or university
- religion
- political affiliation
- exercise
- gratitude
- giving
- flow
Caveats
- associated between variables and happiness are typically modest in moderation, with many exceptions
*findings deprived from correlation research
Motivations
the drives, especially wants and needs, that propel us in specific directions
what are the 2 most powerful motivators
- food
- sex
two major theories of motivations
- drive reduction
- incentive theories
Drive reduction theory
- certain drive motivate us to act in ways that minimize aversive states (hunger, thirst, and sexual frustrations)
- attempting to maintain homeostasis (strength of drives affected by arousal)
Yerkes Dodson law
shows relations between arousal and preformace
yerkes Dodson Law states that we are better at simple tasks if we have ______ arousal
high
Yerkes Dodson law states that we are better at complex tasks if we have ______ arousal
lower
what are the 4 main theories of drive conflict
- Approach avoidance (+ - qualities of one thing)
- approach approach (+ +)
- avoidance avoidance (- -)
- double approach avoidance ( + - of multiple things)
incentive theories
propose that we are often motivated by postive goals
Instrinsic motivation
motivated by internal goals
extrinsic motivation
motivated by external goals
who proposed a distinction between needs
Henry Murray
primary needs
biological neccessities
Secondary needs
psychological desires
Henry Murray research has lead to
mazlow’s heiarchy of needs
What is at the top of mazlows heiarchy
self actualization
mazlows heiarch of needs top to bottom
self actualization –> aesthetic needs –> cognitive needs –> esteem needs –> belongings and love needs –> safety needs –> physiological needs
