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psychology > Chapter 4.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

detection of physical energy by our sense organs

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2
Q

perception

A
  • the brains interpretation of these raw sensory inputs
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3
Q

transduction

A
  • the process by which the nervous sytem converts and external stimulus into electrical signals within neurons
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4
Q

sense receptors

A

trasduce specific stimuli

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5
Q

sensory adaption

A
  • gradual decline is sensativity due to prolonged stimulation
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6
Q

purpose of adaptive processs

A
  • keeps us attuned to the changes in our environment rather than the constants
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7
Q

what is psychophysics

A
  • the study of how we precieve sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics
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8
Q

elemente der psychophysik

A

gustav fechner

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9
Q

who was the first to describe the things that are required for sensation (stimulus)

       (name and date)
A

Gustav Fechner (1860)

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10
Q

Absolute threshold

A
  • the lowest level of stimulus we can detect on 50% of trials when no ther stimuli of that type are rpesent
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11
Q

what must be reached for stimuli to be detected

A

absolute threshold

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12
Q

just noticeable difference (JND)

A
  • the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
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13
Q

what is just notable difference also known as

A

difference threshold

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14
Q

Webers law

A
  • there is a constant proportional relationship between the JND And the original stimulus intensity
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15
Q

webers fraction

A
  • the constant proportional relationship between JDB and the original stimulus intensity
  • differ depending on sensory input
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16
Q

signal detection describes

A
  • how we detect stimuli under uncertain conditions
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17
Q

signal detection takes into account cognitive factors such as

A

expectations, consequences, and responce requirements

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18
Q

standard signal detection experiemtn has two important components:

A
  • on 1/2 of the trials, one low intesity stimulis is presented
  • on 1/2 of the trials, no stimulis is present
  • trials are randomized
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19
Q

hit

A
  • detect stimulus that was present
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20
Q

miss

A
  • fail to detect a stimulus that was present
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21
Q

false alarm

A

-indicate a stimulus was present, when it was noticeable

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22
Q

correct rejection

A
  • indicate there was no stimulus, when there was no stimulus
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23
Q

Johannes Muller proposed the _____________ in _____

A

doctorate of specific nerve energies
1826

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24
Q

what is an example of doctrine of specific nerve energies

A
  • phosphenes
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25
Q

McGurk Effect

A
  • when processing speech, our brains calculate the most probable sound given the information
  • is where there is a mismatch between what is seen and what is heard leads to an inaccurate perception
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26
Q

Synesthesia

A
  • a condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations and preceptions
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27
Q

how many type of synesthesia is there

A

over 60

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28
Q

what is the most common type of synesthesia

A

grapheme-colour synesthesia

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29
Q

graphene-colour synesthesia

A
  • where a persons experience of number and letters are associated with the experience if color
30
Q

attention interacts with __________

A

preception

31
Q

role of attention

A
  • focus on our attention on certain stimuli in our enviorment, sometimes leads to the exclusion of other infomation
32
Q

examples of the role of attention

A
  • selective attention
  • inattentional blindness
33
Q

inattentional blindness

A
  • when paying attention to some events, may fail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears
34
Q

Selective attention

A
  • allows us to select one sensory channel and ignore or minimize others
35
Q

selective attention involves what parts of the brain?

A
  • recticular activating system (RAS) and forebrain
36
Q

selective attention is studies using

A

dichotic listening tasks

37
Q

Selective attention does not explain

A
  • cocktail party effect
  • our ability to pick out important words (names)
38
Q

broadbents filter model

39
Q

The binding problem

A
  • different aspects of a complex stimulus are processed in different parts of our brain, but we receive the stimulus as a single unit. These pieces are bound together in a seamless, coordinated way
40
Q

parallel processing

A

the abilty ro attend to many sensory modalities simultaneously

41
Q

what are two important concepts in parallel processing

A
  • bottom up processing
  • top down processing
42
Q

bottom up processing

A
  • we construct a whole stimulus from its parts (stimulus driven)
43
Q

top down processing

A
  • influences what we perceive due to our beliefs, expectation, and past experience (conceptually driven)
44
Q

perceptual hypotheses

A
  • often make educated guesses about what our sensory stem is telling us
  • is correct most of the time. But not always
45
Q

perceptual sets

A
  • when our expectations influence our perceptions in a specific was in a given circumstance
46
Q

perceptual constancy

A
  • the process by which we precieve stimuli consistently across varied conditions
47
Q

perceptual constancy consists of

A
  • size constancy
  • shape constancy
  • colour constancy
48
Q

Gestalt principles

A
  • rules that govern how we precieve objects as a whole within their overall context
49
Q

what are the six main Gestalt Principles

A
  1. proximity
  2. simularity
  3. continuity
  4. closure
  5. symmetry
  6. figure ground
50
Q

perceiving motion

A

determine weather something is moving by comparing visual frames from one moment to the next

51
Q

motion blind

A
  • cant string images together to allow detection of motion
52
Q

apparent motion

A
  • when stimuli flash in different location next to each other and movement is precieved
53
Q

babys __________ weeks old can imitate facial gestures even through they cant see themselves

54
Q

depth perception

A
  • the ability to see spatial reaction in three directions
55
Q

what are the two types of depth cues

A
  • monocular
  • binocular
56
Q

monocular depth cues

A
  • only requires one eye
57
Q

binocular depth cues

A
  • requires two eyes
58
Q

what are the two kind of moncular depth cues

A
  • motion parallax
  • pictorial depth cues
59
Q

motion parallax

A
  • invloves images of objects at different diffrences moving across the retina
60
Q

pictorial depth cues

A

clues about a given distance that can be given in a flat picture

61
Q

6 pictorial depth cues

A
  1. linear perspective
  2. texture gradient
  3. interposition
  4. relative size
  5. high in plane
  6. light and shadow
62
Q

two main binocular depth cues

A
  • retinal disparity
  • binocular convergence
63
Q

retinal disparity

A
  • refers to the fact that object project images to slightly different locations on the right and left of the retina, so that the right and left eyes can see slightly different views of the object
64
Q

binocular convergence

A
  • involves sensing the eyes converging toward each other as they focus closer on objects
65
Q

Auditory location

A
  • locating the source of the sound in space
66
Q

two cues that are particullarly important in locating sounds are

A

sound intensity (loudness), and tining of the sound arriving at the ear

67
Q

subliminal perception

A
  • th registration of sensry input without concious awareness
68
Q

what did subliminal perception start with

A

James vicary in 1957 - “eat popcorn”

69
Q

sublingual persuasion

A
  • sub-threshold influences on behaviour
  • mo evidence to show this has any last impact on peoples behaviour, learning, or opinions/ attitudes
70
Q

example of sublinial persuasion

A
  • strobe and claus 2006 - “ iced tea” study
  • could impact behaviour, but only immedietly after presentation, and i very limited circumstances

psychology (13 decks)

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