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psychology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology

A
  • the scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour
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2
Q

3 levels of analysis

A
  1. social and cultural influences
  2. psychological
  3. biological
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3
Q

Social and cultural Influences

A
  • social or behaviour level
  • involoves relating to other and personal relationship
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4
Q

psychological

A
  • mental of neurological level
  • involves thoughts, feeling, and emotions
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5
Q

Biological

A
  • molecular or neurochemical level
  • involves molecules and brain structure
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6
Q

Why is psychology difficult to study

A
  • multiply determined
  • rarely independent
  • individual differences
  • reciprocal determinism
  • behaviour is often shaped by culture
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7
Q

Naive realism

A
  • people are prone
  • we believe the world is exactly. how we see it
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8
Q

reciprocal determinism

A
  • people often influence each other
    Example: stimulus enhancement (not eating unless other people eat)
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9
Q

Emic approach

A
  • study culture from the perspective of someone who grew up in the culture
  • allows for a better understanding of the unique characteristics of the culture
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10
Q

Etic approach

A
  • study the culture from the perspective of an outsider
  • allows to view culture from a broader approach
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11
Q

Why is common sense not enough

A

naive realism

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12
Q

Empirical evidence

A
  • gained through experience and observation
  • objective
    WHY? –> minimize bias
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13
Q

Scientific theory

A
  • is an explanation for a larger number of findings in the natural world. Offers an account that ties multiple factors into one package
  • testable
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14
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • specific (directional), testable prediction derived from a scientific theory
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15
Q

Misconceptions of scientific theories

A
  • a theory only explains only specific event
  • a theory is an educated guess
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16
Q

Observer bias

A
  • possible to influence the interpretation of results
  • can occur even if aware of own bias
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17
Q

Confirmation bias

A
  • tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypotheses and overlook information that argues against it
  • Example: Lord, Ross, and Shepard, 1979
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18
Q

Belief preservation

A
  • is the tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even in light of new evidence
  • Example: Ross, Lepper, & Hubbard 1975
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19
Q

Metaphysics claims

A
  • are assertions about the world that cannot be tested
  • outside the relm of science
    Example: belief in god
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20
Q

Pseudoscience

A
  • is a set of claims that seem scientific, but are not
  • important in todays digital world
  • safeguards against conformation bias and belief preservation
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21
Q

Warning signs of Pseudoscience

A
  • exaggerated claims
  • over reliance on anecdotes
  • absence of connectivity ot other research
  • lack of review by other scholars
  • lack of self-correction’
    -psychobabble (big words)
  • evidence
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22
Q

Why are we drawn to pseudoscience

A
  • patternicity
  • provides confort (terrormanagement)
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23
Q

antidote against pseudosciene

A

logical fallacies

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24
Q

Emotional reasoining fallacy

A
  • error of using our emotions for evaluating the validity of a claim
    EXAMPLE: “ the idea that daycare might have a negative emotional efffects on children gets me really upset, so I refuse to believe it”
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25
Q

Bandwagon fallacy

A
  • error of assumin gthat a claim is correct because many people believe it
    EXAMPLE: “lots of people I know believe in astrology, so there’s got to be something to it”
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26
Q

either-or fallacy

A
  • error of framing a question as though we can answer it in only one of two extreme ways
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27
Q

not me fallacy

A
  • error of believing were immmune to errors in thinking that afflict other people
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28
Q

appeal to authority fallacy

A
  • Error of accepting a claim merely because an authority figure endorses it
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29
Q

genetic fallacy

A
  • error of confusing the correctness of a belief with its origins or genesis
    -EXAMPLE “Freud’s views about personality development can’t be right because Freuds thinking was shaped by sexist views popular at the time
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30
Q

Argument from antiquity fallacy

A
  • error of assuming a beleif must be valid just because its been around for a long time
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31
Q

Argument from adverse consequences fallacy

A
  • error of confusing the validity of data with its real-world consequences
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32
Q

appeal to ignorance fallacy

A
  • error of assuing that a claim must be true because no one has shown it to be false
33
Q

Naturalistic fallacy

A
  • error of inferring a moral judgement from a scientific fact
34
Q

Hasty generalization fallacy

A
  • error of drawing a conclusion on the basis of insufficent evidence
35
Q

circular reasoning fallacy

A
  • error of basing a claim on the same claim reworded in slightly diffrent terms
36
Q

Dangers of Pseudoscience

A
  • oppertunity cost (effects)
  • direct harm (dealth)
  • blocks scientific thinking
37
Q

Scientific skepticism

A
  • the approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind, but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them as true
38
Q

what is a core aspect of scientific thinking

A
  • critical thinking
39
Q

Six principles of scientific thinking

A
  • ruling out rival hypotheses
  • correction vs. causation
  • falsifiability
  • replicability
  • extraordinary claims
  • occam’s razor
40
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

1879
- developed the first true laboratory of psychology in Leipzig, Germany
- pioneered the technique of introspection to study mental processes

41
Q

Early Psychology

A
  • did not exsit, early psychologists held position in philosophy
42
Q

Structuralism leading figure

A

E.B. Titchener

43
Q

Structuralism Goal

A
  • use introspection to identify basic element or structures of experience
44
Q

structuralism lasting figures

A
  • emphasis on the importance of systemic observation to study conscious experience
45
Q

Functionalism leading figure

A

William james

46
Q

Functionalism goal

A
  • understanding the functions or adaptive purposes of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours
47
Q

Functionalism lasting influences

A
  • evolution and adaptation has shaped human thought and behaviour. cognitive process exist for a reason
48
Q

Behaviourism leading figures

A

BF Skinner & John B Watson

49
Q

Behaviourism goal

A
  • to uncover the general principles of learning that explains all behaviours. Focus is primarily on observable behaviours
50
Q

Behaviourism lasting influences

A
  • creating influential models of human and animal learning
  • strong focus on the need for objective research and data
51
Q

Cognitivism leading figures

A
  • Jean Piagat & Ulric Neisser
52
Q

Cognitivism goal

A
  • to examine the role of mental processes on behaviour
53
Q

cognitivism lasting influence

A
  • significant impact on the study of many areas of psychology, such as language, problem solving, concept formation, intelligence, memory, and psychotherapy
  • has uncovered many basic processes that allow for comple human ability
54
Q

Psychoanalysis leading figure

A

Sigmund Freud

55
Q

Psychoanalysis Goal

A
  • to uncover the role of unconscious psychological processes and early experiences on behaviour/thought
56
Q

psychoanalysis lasting figure

A
  • led to the understanding that many of our mental processes happen outside of our conscious awareness
  • pioneered non-physical treatment for psychological disorders
57
Q

Counselling psychologist

A
  • work with people experiencing temporary or relatively self-contained life problems, like marital conflicts, sexual difficulties, occupational stressors, or career uncertainty
  • work in councilling centres, hospitals, or private practice
58
Q

School psychologists

A
  • work with teachers, parents, and children to remedy students behavioral, emotional, and learning difficulties
59
Q

Developmental psychologists

A
  • study how and why people change over time
  • conduct research on infants, children, and sometimes adults and elderly peoples emotional, physiological, and cognitive process and how these change with age
60
Q

experiemental phychlogists

A
  • use research methods to study memory, language, thinking, and social behavious of humans
  • work primarily in research settings
61
Q

Biological Psychologists

A
  • examine the physiological bases of behaviour in animals and humans
    – most work in research settings
62
Q

Forensic Psychologist

A
  • work in prisons, jails, and other settings to asses and diagnose inmates and assist with their rehabilitation and treatment
  • others conduct research on eyewitness testimony or jury decision making
  • typically hold degrees in clinical or counselling psychology
63
Q

Industrial Organizational psychologists

A
  • work in companies and businesses to help select productive employees, evaluate performances, and examine the effects of diffrent working or living conditions on peoples behaviours
  • design equipment to maximize employee performance and minimize accidents
64
Q

Nature-Nurture

A
  • are behaviours mostly due to our genes (nature) or our environment (nurture)
65
Q

Free will vs. determinism

A
  • to what extent are our behaviour freely selected (free will) rather than caused factors outside our control (determinism)
66
Q

Application of psychological research examples

A
  • changing the color of fire trucks
  • the addition of third brake light in the middle of the rear windshield of vehicles
  • effective commercial messages
  • sequential line-ups of suspects for crimes
67
Q

Naive realism

A
  • we see the world precisely how it is
68
Q

do opposites attract

A
  • no
69
Q

ad hoc immunization theory

A
  • escape hatch or loophole that defenders of theory use to protect it from falsification
70
Q

Fasification

A
  • capiable of being disproved
71
Q

Patternicity

A
  • tendancy to see patterns in meaningless data
    EXAMPLE: seeing animal shapes in clouds, face on mars
72
Q

terror management theory

A
  • awarness of own inevitable dealth leaves us with an underlying sense of terror
73
Q

mortality science

A
  • extent to which thoughts of dealth are foremost in our minds
74
Q

scientific scepticism

A
  • approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind by insisting on persuasive evidence before excepting it
75
Q

critical thinking

A
  • set of skills for evaluating all claims with an open minded and carful fashion
76
Q

levels on analysis

A
  • rungs on a ladder
  • lower levels closely tied to biological influences
  • higher levels tied to social influences
77
Q

how to evaluate media

A
  • peer reviewed
  • refrences
  • controlled scientific studies
  • extreme claims
  • was it recently updated
78
Q

applied research

A
  • research examining how we can use basic research to solve real world problems
79
Q

basic research

A
  • research examining how the mind works

psychology (13 decks)

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