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psychology > Chapter 4.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Light

A

is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave

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2
Q

amplitude of light waves affects mainly the preception of

A

brightness

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3
Q

wavelenght affects mainly the preception of

A

color (hue)

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4
Q

purity influences perception of

A

saturation, or richness of colors

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5
Q

wavelengths do not have _______

A

color

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6
Q

different wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as

A

color

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7
Q

light receptors are activated when

A

when the light hits the retina

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8
Q

the cornea an dlens

A

focus the light on the retina to form clear images of objects

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9
Q

cornea

A

covers the eye and helps to focus the light onto the retina

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10
Q

the cornea accounts for ____% of the eyes focusing power

A

80

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11
Q

Lens

A
  • helps focus light onto the retina
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12
Q

the lens accounts for ____% of focusing power

A

20

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13
Q

the corneas position

A

fixed in place

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14
Q

the lens position

A

flexible and adjusts to focus the light from near and far objects

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15
Q

the lens ajustments are called

A

accommodations

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16
Q

cilliary muscles

A

tighten to change the curvature of the lens to refocus the light onto the retina

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17
Q

when focusing on a close objects the lens becomes

A

fatter (rounder)

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18
Q

when focusing on a distance object, the lens becomes

A

flattened

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19
Q

presbyopia

A
  • changing eye as we age
  • the distance of the near point for focusing the eye changes as we age
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20
Q

presbyopia is also called the

A

old eye

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21
Q

near point

A
  • limits of accommodation
  • the point at which the lens can no longer adjust to focus an image
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22
Q

image at the near point

A
  • blurry
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23
Q

myopia is also known as

A

near-sightedness

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24
Q

myopia

A
  • the inability to see far objects clearly
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25
Q

what is the most common need for glasses in adults

A

myopia

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26
Q

hyperopia is also known as

A

far-sightedness

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27
Q

hyperopia

A
  • can see far objects clearly, but near objects are blurry
  • glasses can correct
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28
Q

Retina

A
  • the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye
  • absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain
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29
Q

the retina contains the

A

fovea

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30
Q

fovea

A
  • responsible for acuity
  • area of central vision
  • contains mostly cones
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31
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors

A
  • cones
  • rods
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32
Q

photoreceptors line the _______

A

retina

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33
Q

cones

A
  • specialized visual receptors that play a key roles in daylight vision and color vision
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34
Q

rods

A
  • specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
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35
Q

once vision is processed through the receptors, signals are sent out through the _______. ________

A

optic nerve

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36
Q

are there more rods than cones

A

rods

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37
Q

where are the most cones present

A

fovea

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38
Q

two theories that attempt to explain how we perceive color:

A
  • trichromatic theory
  • opponent-process theory
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39
Q

trichromatic theory

A
  • color vision depends on activity of three diffrent color receptor types
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40
Q

what are the three different color receptor types in trichromatic theory

A
  • red
  • green
  • blue
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41
Q

opponent process theory

A
  • color vision is related to opposing responses by blue and yellow, and red and green
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42
Q

what theory does a good job at explain some types of color blindness

A

trichromatic theory

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43
Q

normally humans are ______

A

trichromats (3 kinds of cones )

44
Q

very rarely, people are _________

A

monochromats (1 kind of cone, no color vision)

45
Q

what can trichromatic theory not explain

A

afterimages

46
Q

what are afterimages

A
  • when you look at a color for a long time, and then look away, you may see a differently colored replica of the same image
47
Q

dual process theory incorporates both ________ and ________ theory to explain color vision

A

trichromatic and opponet process theory

48
Q

hubel & weisel (1960s)

A
  • found other cells that fire to certain patterns/ orientations
  • simple vs. complex feature detector cells
49
Q

sound waves

A

are vibrations of molecules that travel through a medium, such as air

50
Q

no sound is present in a ________, because

A
  • vaccum
  • no molecules to vibrate
51
Q

sound waves move at a

A

fraction of the speed of light

52
Q

sound waves are characterized by their

A
  • amplitude
  • wavelenghts
  • purity
53
Q

frequency

A
  • the rate at which waves vibrate
  • measured as cycles per second
  • rouchly corresponds to our preception of pitch
54
Q

amplitude (sound)

A
  • the intensity of sound, usually measured in decibels
  • amplitude roughly corresponds to our preception of loudness
55
Q

complexity (timbre)
of sound

A
  • provides information about the nature of a sound.
  • contributes to the sounds uniqueness
56
Q

perceived loudness doubles about every

A

6-10 dB

57
Q

what are the three major parts of the ear

A
  • external (outer)
  • middle
    inner
58
Q

outer ear is comprised of

A
  • ear cannal
  • pinna
    tympanic membrane
59
Q

the tympanic membrane is known as the

A

ear drum

60
Q

the ossicles are part of what part of the ear

A

middle

61
Q

ossicles

A
  • form a three stage lever system that converts relativly large movemnts into smaller motions with greater force
62
Q

the ossicles serve to amplify

A

tiny changes in air pressure

63
Q

the inner ear consists mainly of the

A

cochlea

64
Q

cochlea

A
  • fluid filled, coiled tunnel that contain receptors for hearing
65
Q

what are the receptors for hearing

A

basilar membrane

66
Q

what main theories of pitch perception

A
  • place theory
  • frequency theory
67
Q

place theory

A
  • holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane
68
Q

frequency theory

A
  • holds that perception of pitch correspond to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
69
Q

frequency theory works for tones up to

A

100Hz

70
Q

what are the two different types of deafness

A
  • conductive deafness
  • nerve deafness (sensorineural)
71
Q

conductive deafness

A
  • is dues to a malfunctioning of the ear, especially a failure of the eardrum of the ossicles of the inner ear
72
Q

Nerve (sensorineural) deafness

A
  • is due to damage of the auditory nerve
73
Q

what are the common causes of hearing loss

A
  • noise - induced hearing loss
  • age - related hearing loss (prebycusis)
74
Q

olfaction is linked with

A

gustation

75
Q

what is olfaction

A

smell

76
Q

what is gustation

A

taste

77
Q

olfaction and gustation is heavily linked to

A

memory and recognition
- allows us to develop association between objects in the world and expected smells

78
Q

gustatory receptors are

A

taste buds that line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue

79
Q

5 main qualities of taste

A
  • bitterness
  • sourness
  • sweetness
  • saltiness
  • umami
80
Q

umami is

A
  • savory
  • MSG
81
Q

perceptions of taste are often

A

learned

82
Q

variation sensativity to taste

A
  • nontasters
  • supertasters
  • medium tasters
83
Q

what are the olfactory receptors

A

cilia

84
Q

olfactory cilia

A
  • receptors for smell
  • hair-like structures located in the upper portions of the nasal passages
85
Q

pheromones

A
  • odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of ones own species
  • signals are uses for mating and menstruating
86
Q

what explains that humans give off and are susceptible to other humans pheromones

A

Stern & McClintock (1998)

87
Q

flavor is a combination of

A

taste and smell

88
Q

somatosensory system

A
  • responsible for sensation of touch, tenpurature, and pain
89
Q

what are the four main components of the somatosensory system

A
  • nocioception
  • hapsis
  • proproception
  • balance
90
Q

nocioception

A
  • the perception of pain and temperature caused by the activation of free endings in the skin
91
Q

hapsis

A
  • the preception of objects using touch and pressure
92
Q

proprioception

A
  • knowledge of the position of your limbs in space
93
Q

balance

A
  • controlled by the vestibular system in the inner ear
94
Q

skin

A
  • largest organs in the body
  • contains receptors for touch and pain
  • also important first line of defence in the immune system
95
Q

epidermis

A
  • the skins outermost layer
  • comprised of dead skin cells
96
Q

dermis

A

below the epidermis

97
Q

subcutaneous

A
  • below the dermis
  • fat layer
98
Q

mechanorecptors respond to

A

physical stimuli
- mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy that impinges on the skin

99
Q

mechanoreceptors are distributed __________ across the bodys surface

A

unevenly

100
Q

inflammatory pain

A

-pain caused by damage to the tissues and inflammation od joints or by tumor cells

101
Q

neuropathic pain

A
  • pain caused by lesions or other damages to the nervous system
102
Q

pain signals are transmitted to the brain in 2 pathways

A
  • fast pathway (delta-A pathway)
  • slow pathway (C fibre pathway)
103
Q

proprioceptive system

A
  • monitors the position of various parts of the body. Allows us to move efficiency
104
Q

proprioceptors sense

A

muscle stretch and force

105
Q

vestibular system

A
  • responds to gravity and keeps you informed fo your bodys location in space
  • allows us to maintain balance
  • shares space in the inner ear with the auditory system
106
Q

what makes up the largest part of the vestibular system

A

semicircular canals

107
Q

the vestibular system is important in

A

balance and for coding rotation and tilit of the head

psychology (13 decks)

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