Chapter 4.2 Flashcards
1
Q
Light
A
is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave
2
Q
amplitude of light waves affects mainly the preception of
A
brightness
3
Q
wavelenght affects mainly the preception of
A
color (hue)
4
Q
purity influences perception of
A
saturation, or richness of colors
5
Q
wavelengths do not have _______
A
color
6
Q
different wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as
A
color
7
Q
light receptors are activated when
A
when the light hits the retina
8
Q
the cornea an dlens
A
focus the light on the retina to form clear images of objects
9
Q
cornea
A
covers the eye and helps to focus the light onto the retina
10
Q
the cornea accounts for ____% of the eyes focusing power
A
80
11
Q
Lens
A
- helps focus light onto the retina
12
Q
the lens accounts for ____% of focusing power
A
20
13
Q
the corneas position
A
fixed in place
14
Q
the lens position
A
flexible and adjusts to focus the light from near and far objects
15
Q
the lens ajustments are called
A
accommodations
16
Q
cilliary muscles
A
tighten to change the curvature of the lens to refocus the light onto the retina
17
Q
when focusing on a close objects the lens becomes
A
fatter (rounder)
18
Q
when focusing on a distance object, the lens becomes
A
flattened
19
Q
presbyopia
A
- changing eye as we age
- the distance of the near point for focusing the eye changes as we age
20
Q
presbyopia is also called the
A
old eye
21
Q
near point
A
- limits of accommodation
- the point at which the lens can no longer adjust to focus an image
22
Q
image at the near point
A
- blurry
23
Q
myopia is also known as
A
near-sightedness
24
Q
myopia
A
- the inability to see far objects clearly
25
what is the most common need for glasses in adults
myopia
26
hyperopia is also known as
far-sightedness
27
hyperopia
- can see far objects clearly, but near objects are blurry
- glasses can correct
28
Retina
- the neural tissue lining the inside back surface of the eye
- absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain
29
the retina contains the
fovea
30
fovea
- responsible for acuity
- area of central vision
- contains mostly cones
31
what are the two types of photoreceptors
- cones
- rods
32
photoreceptors line the _______
retina
33
cones
- specialized visual receptors that play a key roles in daylight vision and color vision
34
rods
- specialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision
35
once vision is processed through the receptors, signals are sent out through the _______. ________
optic nerve
36
are there more rods than cones
rods
37
where are the most cones present
fovea
38
two theories that attempt to explain how we perceive color:
- trichromatic theory
- opponent-process theory
39
trichromatic theory
- color vision depends on activity of three diffrent color receptor types
40
what are the three different color receptor types in trichromatic theory
- red
- green
- blue
41
opponent process theory
- color vision is related to opposing responses by blue and yellow, and red and green
42
what theory does a good job at explain some types of color blindness
trichromatic theory
43
normally humans are ______
trichromats (3 kinds of cones )
44
very rarely, people are _________
monochromats (1 kind of cone, no color vision)
45
what can trichromatic theory not explain
afterimages
46
what are afterimages
- when you look at a color for a long time, and then look away, you may see a differently colored replica of the same image
47
dual process theory incorporates both ________ and ________ theory to explain color vision
trichromatic and opponet process theory
48
hubel & weisel (1960s)
- found other cells that fire to certain patterns/ orientations
- simple vs. complex feature detector cells
49
sound waves
are vibrations of molecules that travel through a medium, such as air
50
no sound is present in a ________, because
- vaccum
- no molecules to vibrate
51
sound waves move at a
fraction of the speed of light
52
sound waves are characterized by their
- amplitude
- wavelenghts
- purity
53
frequency
- the rate at which waves vibrate
- measured as cycles per second
- rouchly corresponds to our preception of pitch
54
amplitude (sound)
- the intensity of sound, usually measured in decibels
- amplitude roughly corresponds to our preception of loudness
55
complexity (timbre)
of sound
- provides information about the nature of a sound.
- contributes to the sounds uniqueness
56
perceived loudness doubles about every
6-10 dB
57
what are the three major parts of the ear
- external (outer)
- middle
inner
58
outer ear is comprised of
- ear cannal
- pinna
tympanic membrane
59
the tympanic membrane is known as the
ear drum
60
the ossicles are part of what part of the ear
middle
61
ossicles
- form a three stage lever system that converts relativly large movemnts into smaller motions with greater force
62
the ossicles serve to amplify
tiny changes in air pressure
63
the inner ear consists mainly of the
cochlea
64
cochlea
- fluid filled, coiled tunnel that contain receptors for hearing
65
what are the receptors for hearing
basilar membrane
66
what main theories of pitch perception
- place theory
- frequency theory
67
place theory
- holds that perception of pitch corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane
68
frequency theory
- holds that perception of pitch correspond to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
69
frequency theory works for tones up to
100Hz
70
what are the two different types of deafness
- conductive deafness
- nerve deafness (sensorineural)
71
conductive deafness
- is dues to a malfunctioning of the ear, especially a failure of the eardrum of the ossicles of the inner ear
72
Nerve (sensorineural) deafness
- is due to damage of the auditory nerve
73
what are the common causes of hearing loss
- noise - induced hearing loss
- age - related hearing loss (prebycusis)
74
olfaction is linked with
gustation
75
what is olfaction
smell
76
what is gustation
taste
77
olfaction and gustation is heavily linked to
memory and recognition
- allows us to develop association between objects in the world and expected smells
78
gustatory receptors are
taste buds that line the trenches around tiny bumps on the tongue
79
5 main qualities of taste
- bitterness
- sourness
- sweetness
- saltiness
- umami
80
umami is
- savory
- MSG
81
perceptions of taste are often
learned
82
variation sensativity to taste
- nontasters
- supertasters
- medium tasters
83
what are the olfactory receptors
cilia
84
olfactory cilia
- receptors for smell
- hair-like structures located in the upper portions of the nasal passages
85
pheromones
- odourless chemicals that serve as social signals to members of ones own species
- signals are uses for mating and menstruating
86
what explains that humans give off and are susceptible to other humans pheromones
Stern & McClintock (1998)
87
flavor is a combination of
taste and smell
88
somatosensory system
- responsible for sensation of touch, tenpurature, and pain
89
what are the four main components of the somatosensory system
- nocioception
- hapsis
- proproception
- balance
90
nocioception
- the perception of pain and temperature caused by the activation of free endings in the skin
91
hapsis
- the preception of objects using touch and pressure
92
proprioception
- knowledge of the position of your limbs in space
93
balance
- controlled by the vestibular system in the inner ear
94
skin
- largest organs in the body
- contains receptors for touch and pain
- also important first line of defence in the immune system
95
epidermis
- the skins outermost layer
- comprised of dead skin cells
96
dermis
below the epidermis
97
subcutaneous
- below the dermis
- fat layer
98
mechanorecptors respond to
physical stimuli
- mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy that impinges on the skin
99
mechanoreceptors are distributed __________ across the bodys surface
unevenly
100
inflammatory pain
-pain caused by damage to the tissues and inflammation od joints or by tumor cells
101
neuropathic pain
- pain caused by lesions or other damages to the nervous system
102
pain signals are transmitted to the brain in 2 pathways
- fast pathway (delta-A pathway)
- slow pathway (C fibre pathway)
103
proprioceptive system
- monitors the position of various parts of the body. Allows us to move efficiency
104
proprioceptors sense
muscle stretch and force
105
vestibular system
- responds to gravity and keeps you informed fo your bodys location in space
- allows us to maintain balance
- shares space in the inner ear with the auditory system
106
what makes up the largest part of the vestibular system
semicircular canals
107
the vestibular system is important in
balance and for coding rotation and tilit of the head
