Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

systemic thinking 1

A
  • intuitive; fast; relies on gut reactions
  • relies on heurisitics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

heuristics

A

mental shortcuts or rules of thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

System thinking 2:

A
  • anaytical; slow; relies on evaluation of evidence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The scientific method can be compared to a

A

toolbox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Random selection

A
  • a technique whereby every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate in a study
  • increases generalization of results
  • studying more people broadly is better than studying more people narrowly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reliability

A

the consistency of a measurement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

test retest reliability

A
  • if tested again will achieve the same results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Interrater reliability

A
  • ability to review and reanalyze the data from a study and find exactly the same results
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

validity

A
  • the extent to which a measure asses what it claims to measure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Relability and validity interaction

A
  • reliability is necessary for validity
  • validity not necessary for reliability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Openess in science

A
  • essential findings are replicable and reproducible
  • created in response to the replicability crisis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5 responses to the replication crisis

A
  1. post and share data and material publicity
  2. conduct replications of their own and others work
  3. preregister research
  4. encourage journals to publish all sound science, not just flashy findings
  5. place less emphasis on findings for single studies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Naturalistic obsevation

A
  • observe behaviour without trying to manipulate / change it in any way
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Advantages of Naturalistic Observation

A
  • high external validity
  • captures natural behaviours
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Disadvantages of naturalistic observation

A
  • low internal validity
  • possible reactivity
  • opssible observer bias
  • no control over other variables
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

case study definition

A
  • an in-depth analysis of a individual, group, or event
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Case studies major advantages

A
  • allows investigation of a rare phenonmena
  • may provide exsitance proofs
  • may be good for hypothesis eneration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Major disadvantages of case studies

A
  • cannot determine cause and effect
  • generlalization may be an issue
  • possible observer bias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Self reported measure

A
  • researches use interviews, questionaires, or surveys to gather specific information about persons behaviour, attitudes, and feelings.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

self reported measure advantages

A
  • easy to administer and gather large amount of data
  • cost effective
  • allows assesment of interanl processes/thoughs/feelings that outside observers are not typically aware
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Major disadvantages of self reported measures

A
  • how the question is worded can lead to many diffrent results
  • assume respondents have enough insight/knowledge to report accuratly
  • assume participants are honest, even though they often engage in respince sets, and sometimes display malingering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rating Data

A
  • are a type of slef-reported measure where someone else is asked to comment on a person behavious (it is assumed that they know the person well)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Rating Data advantages

A
  • gets around malingering and response set bias in self reporting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

disadvantages o f rating data

A
  • halo effect
  • horns effect
  • particularly susceptiable to sterotypes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Halo effect

A
  • the tendency for a high rating in one positive charateristic to spill over and enhance the ratings of other characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Horns effect

A
  • the tendency for a high rating in one negative characteristic to spill over and lower ratings for other characteristics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Correlation designs

A
  • are those in which a researcher measures diffrent variables, to see if there is a relationsip between them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Correlation designs advantage

A
  • more flexiable and easier to conduct than experiments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

correlation designs disadvantages

A
  • cannot explain causation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the strenght of a correlation measured

A
  • using a correlation coefficent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Experiemntal designs

A
  • a research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions, and manipulation of at least one independent varibale
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

independent variables

A
  • a varibale that the experiementor manipulates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dependent varibale

A
  • a varibale that the experimenter measures
34
Q

Random assignment

A
  • ensures each participant has a equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group, or control group
35
Q

Between-subject designs

A
  • a research design where the experimenter assigns diffrent groups to the control or experimental conditions (group A get the drug, group B gets nothing)
36
Q

Within subject designs

A
  • where the experimenter has a participant serve as their own control ( measure behaviour before a variable is manipulated, and then after)
37
Q

Extraneous (confounding) variables

A
  • any variable that differs between the experimental and control groups, and may be responsible for the observer diffrence between the two groups after manipulation
38
Q

Placebo effect

A
  • improvement from the mere expectation of improvement
39
Q

Nocebo Effect

A
  • harm from the mere expectation of harm
40
Q

Nocebo effect example

A

Morse, 1999

41
Q

Experimenter Expectancy effect (Rosenthal Effect)

A
  • researchers hypothesis lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of the study (ussualy in the line of their hypothesis)
  • driven by conformation bias
42
Q

how can you protect against the rosenthal effect

A
  • double blind procedure
43
Q

Demand characteristics

A
  • participants guess as to the purpose of the study, and change how they act based on their assumptions
44
Q

hawthrone effect

A
  • peoples knowledge that they are being studied changes their behaviour
45
Q

what is the Tuskegee study an example of

A

shameful science

46
Q

Tuskegee Study

A
  • 1932-1972
  • men diagnoised with syphilis
  • never given treatment in order to study the “natural progression” of disease
47
Q

1979 Belmont report

A

responce to the Tuskegee study
stated that research should:
- allow people to make decisions about themselves
- be beneficial
- distribute benefits and risks equally to all participants

48
Q

Research Ethics boards

A
  • all North America research colleges and universities should have at least one
  • they reveiw planned research with the mandate to protect participants against harm
  • adhere to national guidlines found in the Tri-council Policy statement
49
Q

Research with people have:

A
  • informed consent
  • protection from harm
  • freedom from coercion
  • risk benefit analysis
  • justification of deception
  • debriefing participants afterwards
  • confidentiality
50
Q

Animial research ethics board

A
  • all universities and colleges must have one
  • reveiw planned research to ensure that animals are treated humanely
  • follow the guidelines of the Canadian Council on Animal Care
51
Q

Statistics

A
  • is the application of mathematics to describe and analyze data
52
Q

Descriptive Statistics

A
  • numerical characteristics of the nature of data
53
Q

types of descriptive statisitics

A
  • central tendency
  • variability
54
Q

Central tendency

A
  • statements about the value of measurements that tend to lie near the enter or midpoint of a distribution
55
Q

Three measures of central tendency

A
  • mean
  • median
  • mode
56
Q

variability

A
  • measures of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are in a dataset
57
Q

two main methods of measuring variability

A
  • range
  • standard deviation
58
Q

inferential statistics

A
  • mathematical methods that allow researchers to determine whether we can generalize findings from a sample to the general public
  • allows allows researchers to determine if their results are likely to have occured simply due to chance
59
Q

statistical significance

A
  • what is the probability that these findings are due to chance. if the results are statistically significant it means that the results are very unlikely to have occured due to chance factors
60
Q

Practical significance

A
  • a determination of whether this finding has any real-world importance
61
Q

Peer reveiw

A
  • a process of quality control for research before it is published in an acaedemic journal
  • reviewers job is to identify flaws that could undermine the findings of a study and ensure the claims made reflect the data
62
Q

3 things to look out for when evaluating data from the media

A
  • sharpening
  • levelling
  • pseudo symmetry
63
Q

conformation bias

A
  • tendency to seek out evidence that supports out hypothesis, and deny evidence that contradicts it
64
Q

double bild

A
  • when neither researchers or participants are aware who is on the study
65
Q

operational definition

A
  • working definition of what we are measuring
66
Q

Illusionary correlation

A
  • perception of a statistical association between two variables where non exist
67
Q

positive correlation

A

one goes up so does the other

68
Q

zero correlation

A
  • no correlation
69
Q

negative correlation

A
  • one variable goes down while the other goes up
70
Q

responce sets

A
  • responds to paint themselves in a positive light
71
Q

malingering

A
  • tendency to make ourselves appear psychologically disturbed with the aim of achieving clear cut personal goal
72
Q

replicability

A
  • new data
  • refers to the ability to duplicate the original findings consistency
73
Q

reproductivity

A
  • same study
  • ability to review and reanalyze the data from a study and find exactly the same results
74
Q

external validity

A
  • the extent to which we cna generalize findings to real world settings
75
Q

Internal validity

A
  • the extent to which we can draw cause and effect inferences from a study
76
Q

mean

A
  • average
  • a measure of central tendency
76
Q

Inferential statistics

A
  • mathematical methods that allow us to determine wheather we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
76
Q

median

A
  • middle score in a datadase
  • a measure of central tendency
77
Q

mode

A
  • most frequent score in a database
  • a measure of central tendency
78
Q

meta-analysis

A
  • statistical methods that help large researchers interpret large bodies of psychological liturature
79
Q

range

A
  • difrence between the highest and lowest scores
  • a measure of variability
80
Q

standard deviation

A
  • a measure of variability that takes into account how far each data point is from the mean

psychology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions