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Developmental Psychology Final > Chapter 6 - Theories of Cognitive Development > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Theories of Cognitive Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Piaget’s theory is an influential theory because:

A

it is learning that the acquisition of knowledge is interacting with the world

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2
Q

Children come into the world with a general _____________ that prepares them to acquire information

A

species-specific nervous system

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3
Q

We are born with an ____________ to take in information

A

innate capacity

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4
Q

Learning is a:

A

cognitive activity that takes place as children use these innate tools to investigate and interpret the world

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5
Q

The process of learning allows:

A

information to enter the mind and to form a cognitive structure of thought and understanding that accurately reflects where we are in the cognitive spectrum.

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6
Q

What is a scheme or schema?

A

The basic action of knowing, including physical and mental actions.

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7
Q

Schemas are _______

A

unobservable

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8
Q

Schemes build on a small:

A

repository of simple sensory or motor information

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9
Q

What is organization?

A

As people act on their environments, an inborn mental process causes them to derive generalizable schemes from specific experiences

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10
Q

children are naturally _______ and create theories about how the world works. This is why Piaget sees children as little scientists

A

curious

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11
Q

Schemes are:

A

continuously changing

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12
Q

Explain assimilation

A

exposed to a new stimulation you haven’t seen before. The scheme was changed as you gained new information. Adapt the scheme.

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13
Q

What is accommodation?

A

Creating a new scheme for a new stimulation

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14
Q

What was Piaget’s most central assumption?

A

The child is an active participant in the development of knowledge, constructing their own understanding

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15
Q

Assimilation and accommodation are usually in:

A

balance or equilibrium

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16
Q

What is the process Piaget called equilibration?

A

When the balance is upset between assimilation and accommodation, children reorganize their theories to restore equilibrium

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17
Q

Equilibration results in:

A

qualitatively different and more advanced schemas

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?

A

Maturation, Physical environment, social transmission, equilibration

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19
Q

What is the sensorimotor stage?

A

spans from birth to approximately 2 years of age
Begins with reflexive responding and ends with using symbols

20
Q

What is object permanence?

A

Understanding that objects exist independently

21
Q

What is the pre-operational stage?

A

Spans from ages 2 to 7 years
Develops the ability to have symbolic thoughts
Children use symbols but there are many errors in thinking

22
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

The idea that children see everything in the world from their point of view

23
Q

What is animism?

A

Children in this period tend to think everything around them is alive

24
Q

What are primary circular reactions?

A

Simple, repetitive behaviours involving the infants body

25
Q

What are secondary circular reactions?

A

Repeating actions involving objects
Making interesting actions last

26
Q

What are tertiary circular reactions?

A

Tries out variations of actions

27
Q

What is Piaget’s 3 mountain tasks?

A

In this experiment, they present the child with two pictures and ask the child to pick out a photo of how the mountain looks to the adult. The child can see the small mountain and the adult cant.

28
Q

What is conservation?

A

understanding that the quantity or amount of a substance remains the same even when there are external changes in its shape or arrangement

29
Q

Typically, children do not have the understanding of conservation until around age __

A

5

30
Q

What is the concrete-operational stage?

A

Spans ages 7 to 11 years
Thinking based on mental operations (strategies and rules that make thinking more systematic and powerful)
Operations can be reversed
Breaking down steps you can follow to make it to a step
Focus on the real and concrete, not the abstract

31
Q

What is the formal-operational stage?

A

Spans from roughly age 11 to adulthood
Increasingly able to think abstractly
Adolescents can think hypothetically

32
Q

What is systematic problem solving?

A

Better use of strategies and more organization in problem-solving

33
Q

What were Piaget’s contributions to child development?

A
  • The study of cognitive development itself
  • A new, constructivist view of children
  • fascinating, often counterintuitive, discoveries
34
Q

What are the teaching applications of Piaget’s theory?

A
  • Facilitate rather than direct learning
  • recognize individual differences
  • be sensitive to readiness to learn
  • emphasize exploration and interaction
35
Q

Weaknesses of Piaget’s theory:

A
  • Underestimates cognitive competence infants, overestimates in adolescence
  • Some components are to vague to test
  • the stage model doesn’t account for variability
  • undervalues influence of sociocultural forces
36
Q

What is information processing?

A

How information is in general processed in a more in-depth way

37
Q

What is the social-cultural perspective?

A

Cognitive development is inseparable from social and cultural contexts

38
Q

What is intersubjectivity?

A

The parent, teacher, and child are all learning from each other

39
Q

What is the zone of proximal development?

A

the difference between what you can do versus with help

40
Q

What is scaffolding?

A

a learning/teaching style that matches how much help your going to get with what the learner needs

41
Q

What is private speech?

A

the things we tell ourselves to regulate our own behaviour

42
Q

Vygotsky’s term for ‘thought’ was:

A

inner speech

43
Q

What is internalization?

A

learn the language and culture of their community

44
Q

What is mediation?

A

Interpret the childs behaviour

45
Q

What is proximal development?

A

the relationship between student and teacher is formal

46
Q

Educational applications of Vygotsky’s theory:

A

Scaffold learning
Emphasize learning opportunities that are social and cooperative, encouraging children to teach and learn from each other.

Developmental Psychology Final (12 decks)

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