Chapter 3 - Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Flashcards
What are the weeks for the period of the zygote?
Weeks 1-2
What are the weeks for the period of the embryo?
Weeks 3-8
What are the weeks for the period of the fetus?
Weeks 9-38
The period of the zygote begins when:
the egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube
After about 4 days, the zygote is called a ________; a hollow ball of about 100 cells
blastocyst
The period of the zygote ends 2 weeks later when the Zygote is:
implanted in the wall of the uterus
The _________ is formed between mother and developing organism to provide nutrients and remove waste
placenta
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
The zygote gets stuck in the fallopian tube
Body structures and internal organs are formed during the period of the _______
embryo
True or False: Blood circulation systems do not develop until the period of the fetus
False: they develop in the period of the embryo
What are the three levels of the embryo?
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
What is the ectoderm?
The outer part of the embryo, that develops into the internal organs
What is the mesoderm?
The inner layer of skin that forms into muscles and the skeleton
What is the endoderm?
The nervous system - the inner part of the embryo - the brain, spinal cord, hair, nails, teeth, etc.
The amniotic sac is filled with ____________.
amniotic fluid
The job of the amniotic sac is to:
keep the embryo safe
The _________ joins the embryo to the placenta
umbilical cord
The uterus is ______ and composed of ________
round; many layers
The uterine wall is a:
thick muscle and the outer layer of the uterus
What are villi?
Blood vessels that come together to form the umbilical cord
In the period of the fetus, all regions of the _____ grow.
brain
Genital organs and extremeties develop in the ______ month, (week __)
third; 12
The skin is covered with a thick, greasy substance, called
vernix
By ___ months, the fetus can hear sound
six
The age of viability is:
22-28 weeks; the fetus has a chance to survive
Fetal movement begins at about __ months
4
Fetuses can develop the ability to have short term memory for about 10 minutes at ___ weeks
30
At around 34 weeks, they now have ________ memory systems developing
long-term
What is a teratogen?
Any agent or anything that causes abnormal prenatal development
How is nutrition a risk factor to pregnancy?
Mothers that do not have the right amount of food or good quality of food - proteins, vitamins, etc.
How is prolonged stress a risk factor to pregnancy?
Prolonged stress leads to dangerous conditions in pregnancy - decreased oxygen to the fetus and can weaken the immune systems
How is the mother’s age a risk factor in pregnancy?
Eggs exist through the lifetime, so they get ‘old’, which increases the risk of developmental disorders
Many diseases pass through the __________ and attack the fetus; others attack at birth
placenta directly
What are some examples of teratogens?
Drugs, Alcohol, and environmental hazards
Consuming large or moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy can lead to ____________________.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
FASD can lead to:
physical problems, development of cognitive isseus
Impact of a teratogen depends on:
Genotype
Each teratogen harms specific and different aspects of development. Impact depends on:
the dose you receive of the teratogen
True or false: Damage is not always evident at birth
True
Give examples of prenatal diagnosis options:
Ultrasounds, amniocentesis, and NIPT
Nicotine can affect ________ and ________ abilities
language; cognitive
Not just nicotine consumption, but also nicotine ________ is considered a teratogen
exposure
List some examples of environmental toxins
Lead Exposure, PCBs, Radiation + other things that are outside of your control.
What is an Analgesic?
Standard pain medication, given early in labour to ease the pain of contractions
When/why are sedatives/tranquilizers used during pregnancy?
Given early to reduce anxiety. They have been proven safe for the baby
What is an epidural?
A needle that goes into the spine that blocks nerve signals from going up to the brain rom the lower half of the body.
Has to be given early in labour.
Research shows that the presence of the father helps lessen ________ of the mother
anxiety
What is stage 1 of labour and delivery?
Starts when the muscles of the uterus contract and ends when the cervix is fully enlarged.
What is stage 2 of labour and delivery?
Baby is pushed through the birth canal
What is stage 3 of labour and delivery?
The placenta is expelled
Stage ___ is the most physically challenging in labour and delivery
1
The ____ is the muscle that separates the vaginal canal from the uterus
cervix
A ______ provides emotional and physical support during labour and delivery: many also provide support for the days after delivery.
Doula
A _____ is a highly trained professional who provides prenatal care, care throughout childbirth, and follow-up care for several weeks following birth.
Midwife
True or False: Mothers who attend childbirth classes use less medication during labour and feel more positive about labour and birth
True
What is a c-section?
Surgical delivery
When is a c-section used?
Previous C-Section, Lack of progression in labour, fetus in breech position, signs of fetal distress, maternal illness/STDs
___% of new moms feel more severe postpartum depression
10-15%
Postpartum depression disrupts the mothers ability to:
provide warm and responsive care for their infants
What is hypoxia and when can it occur?
Hypoxia is low levels of oxygen in your body tissues.
Hypoxia can occur during labour and delivery is the umbilical cord is pinched or squeezed shut, cutting off the flow of blood to the baby.
True or False:Prematurity is generally more serious than being small-for-date
False
Anything from __ weeks til the end of pregnancy, you can expect labour at any time. Anything before is considered premature
38
Small for date means:
A baby born around their due date has a low birth weight
Kangaroo care is:
Skin to skin contact
The ____ test assesses five vital signs in the newborn
APGAR
What are the 5 signs the Apgar test assesses?
Breathing, heart rate, muscle tone, presence of reflexes, and skin tone
The ________________ is a comprehensive assessment of infants that includes measures of alertness and ability to interact with people
Neonatal behavioural assessment scale (NBAS)
Some reflexes are important to survival, these are called:
Adaptive reflexes
The three adaptive reflexes are:
Sucking, swallowing, and rooting
What is rooting?
Stroke the cheek, head turns in the direction of the touch
Some reflexes protect the newborn. They are called:
Primitive reflexes
The primitive reflexes are:
moro, babinski, grasping, and walking
What is moro?
The baby throws their arms and legs outward and come back in
What is the babinski reflex?
Toes curling out when the bottom of the foot is stroked
What is the walking reflex?
Stepping motions with their legs, they lose it and get it back when they actually need to walk.
What are the 4 primary newborn states?
Alert inactivity, walking activity, crying, sleeping
The newborn is in deep sleep for ___ hours of the day
8-9
How do you know if the newborn is in deep sleep?
Eyes are closed, regular breathing, no movement, eyes are still, relaxed face.
What is active sleep?
Periods during deep sleep, eyes are closed, less regular breathing, small face twitches
What is the drowsiness stage?
Eyes flutter open and closed, we see rapid eye movement take place during this time, relatively inactive, breathing is more regular but faster than deep sleep
How long is the newborn in the quiet awake stage?
2-3 hours a day
How do you know the newborn is in the quiet awake stage?
Eyes are open, regular breathing, relaxed
How long is the baby in the active awake stage?
2-3 hours a day
How do you know the newborn is in the active wake stage?
Eyes are open, squirmy, active movement, irregular breathing
How long is the crying and fussing stage?
1-3 hours a day
How do you when the newborn is in the crying and fussing stage?
Eyes are partly opened or closed, vigorous movements, and crying and whining
What are the three different patterns of crying?
Basic, anger, pain
What is basic crying?
Tied to hunger, lower intensity cry
What is the anger crying pattern?
Similar to basic, the longer it occurs, the louder it gets
What is pain crying?
Very sudden onset, very loud, gasping crying that is caused from discomfort or pain
By 3-4 months, crying is less associated with ________, and more with _________
physiological distress; psychological needs
What is colic?
Persistent and uncontrollable crying. Crying for more than 3 hours a day
Many babies shift to more night-time sleep between ______ weeks
6-12
_________ occurs when a healthy baby dies for no apparent reasoning
Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID)
Some risk factors for SUID are:
Premature or low birthweight, parental smoking, babies sleeping face down etc.
