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Developmental Psychology Final > Chapter 14 - Social Influences > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Social Influences Flashcards

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1
Q

In the systems view of families, parents and children ___________.

A

Influence each other

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2
Q

The family system is influence by other individuals and institutions like:

A

Family Friends, Parental Careers

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3
Q

What are the two Primary Dimensions?

A

Warmth and Responsiveness, Control

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4
Q

____ levels of warmth and responsiveness and _____ levels of control are the best.

A

High; Moderate

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5
Q

Control involves:

A

Setting age appropriate standards, consistent enforcement of rules, and good communications

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6
Q

What are the four parenting styles?

A

Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved

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7
Q

What is the Authoritarian Parenting Style?

A

“i am the boss, you do as I say”
Low Warmth, High Control

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8
Q

What is the Authoritative Parenting Style?

A

High Warmth, Moderate Control
Adaption but rules still exist

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9
Q

What is the Permissive Parenting Style?

A

High Warmth, Low Control
Standards are not met

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10
Q

What is the Uninvolved Parenting Style?

A

Low Warmth, Low Control
Does not get involved in child’s life
Provide basic standards to stay alive but nothing else

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11
Q

What parenting style provides the best outcome for children?

A

Authoritative

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12
Q

What is Direct Instruction?

A

A step-by-step, lesson-by-lesson approach to teaching which is scripted and follows a pre-determined skill acquisition sequence

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13
Q

Direct instruction to the extreme is like the _______ parenting style.

A

Authoritarian

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14
Q

Children learn through _______

A

Observation

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15
Q

What is feedback?

A

Information that the parent transmits to the child

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16
Q

What is a negative reinforcement trap?

A

Enforcing negative behaviour that they actually want to stop.

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17
Q

What is an example of a negative reinforcement trap?

A

Giving attention towards a temper tantrum

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18
Q

________ is important but they do not give it as much or as often as ______ occurs.

A

Direct Instruction; Observation

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19
Q

______ get altered in effect of observation.

A

Genomes

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20
Q

To be effective, research indicates that punishment needs to be:

A

Administered Promptly and Consistently
Accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
Administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship
Ie. “Because you were past curfew, you’re grounded for a few weeks. Next time, if you are going to be late call me”

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21
Q

Divorce affects children’s __________.

A

School Achievement, conduct, adjustment, self-concept, and relationships with parents

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22
Q

In extreme cases, parents start to ___________.

A

Manipulate the children against the other parent

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23
Q

Overall risk of emotional and behaviour problems is higher for ___________.

A

Children of divorce

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24
Q

True or False: The majority of emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce are long-term.

A

False

25
Q

In what cases are emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce long-term?

A

Parental Absence, Economic hardship, Long-term Conflict between parents.

26
Q

Beginning in the ____ year of the divorce, most children begin to adjust; parental cooperation with each other helps.

A

Second

27
Q

Divorce is moe harmful when it occurs during ________ and _______ than during the ________ or _________ years.

A

Childhood and Adolescence; Preschool or College

28
Q

Parents can help make divorce less stressful by:

A

providing explanations and reassurance and refraining from involving children in conflict

29
Q

What are the five styles of grand parenting.

A

Influential
Supportive
Authority-oriented
Passive
detached

30
Q

Grandparents are especially active in the lives of:

A

Immigrant and Minority children

31
Q

Parents tend to have more realistic expectations and be more relaxed in their discipline with ____born compared to ____born.

A

later born; first born

32
Q

___born children tend to be more popular and innovative

A

Later born

33
Q

___born children generally have higher scores on IQ tests, are more likely to go to university, and more willing to conform to adults’ requests.

A

First born

34
Q

_____ children are more likely to succeed in school and have higher levels of intelligence and self-esteem.

A

Only

35
Q

Distress associated with the birth of a new sibling can be avoided if parents are:

A

Responsive to the older sibling

36
Q

Many older siblings assist with:

A

Caregiving

37
Q

Basic pattern of sibling relations tend to be _______ and _______

A

establish early; remain consistent

38
Q

Siblings get along best when:

A

they are same sex
neither is temperamentally emotional
the younger sibling enters adolescence
parents don’t show favouritism
each has a unique and well-defined relationship with parents
parents have a warm relationship with each other

39
Q

When children are abused, their ____, ____, and ____ skills are often affected.

A

social, emotional, and intellectual

40
Q

Adults who were abused as children often experience:

A

emotional problems, are more prone to suicide, and are more likely to abuse their own spouses and children

41
Q

True or false: Children who are ego-resilient (adaptable in challenging situations) exhibit fewer negative consequences following abuse

A

True

42
Q

There is a developmental sequence to social play including:

A

parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play

43
Q

What is parallel play?

A

Playing in parallel, not together
Interact only if they take each others toys

44
Q

What is associative play?

A

Playing together but there are no rules to how they play
Kind of a free-for-all

45
Q

What is cooperative play

A

Playing together
Cooperation
Games become much more rule based
Call out for cheating

46
Q

Cooperative play becomes the norm by approx. ______ years old.

A

3 1/2

47
Q

Children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in:

A

language,
memory,
executive functioning, and
more sophisticated in understanding others’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings

48
Q

Solitary play can be important for children’s:

A

Cognitive development

49
Q

Although solitary play is important, it is _______.

A

Not sufficient on its own

50
Q

Some forms of solitary play may indicate:

A

Problems with social interaction

51
Q

Parent involvement in pre-school children play includes different roles:

A

playmate, social director, coach, and mediator

52
Q

A secure maternal attachment relationship contributes to

A

positive peer relationships

53
Q

Elementary school-age children become more skilled at:

A

Initiating and maintaining peer relationships

54
Q

Psychological features such as trust and assistance become important by _____ years of age

A

8-11

55
Q

______ and ______ become important in adolescence as friends are seen as sources of social and emotional support

A

Loyalty and Intimacy

56
Q

Children and adolescents tend to befriend others who are ________.

A

Similar to them

57
Q

Children with good friends have _____ and are less likely to be _____.

A

good self-esteem: depressed

58
Q

Friendships can be _______.

A

Negative

Developmental Psychology Final (12 decks)

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