Chapter 14 - Social Influences Flashcards
In the systems view of families, parents and children ___________.
Influence each other
The family system is influence by other individuals and institutions like:
Family Friends, Parental Careers
What are the two Primary Dimensions?
Warmth and Responsiveness, Control
____ levels of warmth and responsiveness and _____ levels of control are the best.
High; Moderate
Control involves:
Setting age appropriate standards, consistent enforcement of rules, and good communications
What are the four parenting styles?
Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, Uninvolved
What is the Authoritarian Parenting Style?
“i am the boss, you do as I say”
Low Warmth, High Control
What is the Authoritative Parenting Style?
High Warmth, Moderate Control
Adaption but rules still exist
What is the Permissive Parenting Style?
High Warmth, Low Control
Standards are not met
What is the Uninvolved Parenting Style?
Low Warmth, Low Control
Does not get involved in child’s life
Provide basic standards to stay alive but nothing else
What parenting style provides the best outcome for children?
Authoritative
What is Direct Instruction?
A step-by-step, lesson-by-lesson approach to teaching which is scripted and follows a pre-determined skill acquisition sequence
Direct instruction to the extreme is like the _______ parenting style.
Authoritarian
Children learn through _______
Observation
What is feedback?
Information that the parent transmits to the child
What is a negative reinforcement trap?
Enforcing negative behaviour that they actually want to stop.
What is an example of a negative reinforcement trap?
Giving attention towards a temper tantrum
________ is important but they do not give it as much or as often as ______ occurs.
Direct Instruction; Observation
______ get altered in effect of observation.
Genomes
To be effective, research indicates that punishment needs to be:
Administered Promptly and Consistently
Accompanied by an explanation and suggestions for future ways of behaving
Administered by a person with whom the child has a warm affectionate relationship
Ie. “Because you were past curfew, you’re grounded for a few weeks. Next time, if you are going to be late call me”
Divorce affects children’s __________.
School Achievement, conduct, adjustment, self-concept, and relationships with parents
In extreme cases, parents start to ___________.
Manipulate the children against the other parent
Overall risk of emotional and behaviour problems is higher for ___________.
Children of divorce
True or False: The majority of emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce are long-term.
False
In what cases are emotional and behavioural problems for children of divorce long-term?
Parental Absence, Economic hardship, Long-term Conflict between parents.
Beginning in the ____ year of the divorce, most children begin to adjust; parental cooperation with each other helps.
Second
Divorce is moe harmful when it occurs during ________ and _______ than during the ________ or _________ years.
Childhood and Adolescence; Preschool or College
Parents can help make divorce less stressful by:
providing explanations and reassurance and refraining from involving children in conflict
What are the five styles of grand parenting.
Influential
Supportive
Authority-oriented
Passive
detached
Grandparents are especially active in the lives of:
Immigrant and Minority children
Parents tend to have more realistic expectations and be more relaxed in their discipline with ____born compared to ____born.
later born; first born
___born children tend to be more popular and innovative
Later born
___born children generally have higher scores on IQ tests, are more likely to go to university, and more willing to conform to adults’ requests.
First born
_____ children are more likely to succeed in school and have higher levels of intelligence and self-esteem.
Only
Distress associated with the birth of a new sibling can be avoided if parents are:
Responsive to the older sibling
Many older siblings assist with:
Caregiving
Basic pattern of sibling relations tend to be _______ and _______
establish early; remain consistent
Siblings get along best when:
they are same sex
neither is temperamentally emotional
the younger sibling enters adolescence
parents don’t show favouritism
each has a unique and well-defined relationship with parents
parents have a warm relationship with each other
When children are abused, their ____, ____, and ____ skills are often affected.
social, emotional, and intellectual
Adults who were abused as children often experience:
emotional problems, are more prone to suicide, and are more likely to abuse their own spouses and children
True or false: Children who are ego-resilient (adaptable in challenging situations) exhibit fewer negative consequences following abuse
True
There is a developmental sequence to social play including:
parallel play, associative play, and cooperative play
What is parallel play?
Playing in parallel, not together
Interact only if they take each others toys
What is associative play?
Playing together but there are no rules to how they play
Kind of a free-for-all
What is cooperative play
Playing together
Cooperation
Games become much more rule based
Call out for cheating
Cooperative play becomes the norm by approx. ______ years old.
3 1/2
Children who engage in make-believe play tend to be more advanced in:
language,
memory,
executive functioning, and
more sophisticated in understanding others’ thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Solitary play can be important for children’s:
Cognitive development
Although solitary play is important, it is _______.
Not sufficient on its own
Some forms of solitary play may indicate:
Problems with social interaction
Parent involvement in pre-school children play includes different roles:
playmate, social director, coach, and mediator
A secure maternal attachment relationship contributes to
positive peer relationships
Elementary school-age children become more skilled at:
Initiating and maintaining peer relationships
Psychological features such as trust and assistance become important by _____ years of age
8-11
______ and ______ become important in adolescence as friends are seen as sources of social and emotional support
Loyalty and Intimacy
Children and adolescents tend to befriend others who are ________.
Similar to them
Children with good friends have _____ and are less likely to be _____.
good self-esteem: depressed
Friendships can be _______.
Negative
