Chapter 11 - Understanding Self and Others Flashcards
The idea of the self is the basis of all concepts in __________ ___________.
developmental psychology
The self concept _______ and _________
evolves and changes
What is the self-concept?
The self-concept is one’s knowledge of, and thoughts about, the set of qualities attributed to the self - you know these things about yourself
What is meant by William James’ ‘I’?
The ‘I’ is the subjective self, which is the inner sense that ‘I am’ and ‘I exist’. It is when the self is seperate from others - “I am not the same as my friends”
What is meant by William James’ ‘Me’
The ‘me’ is the objective self, which is knowledge and observable. It includes physical characteristics because we don’t all look the same; temperament/personality because it is objective and observable; and social skills
Psychologically, there are aspects of the subjective self that are off-limits to ____.
you
Both the objective and subject self develop _________ to one another
paralell
In the first year of life, the infant develops a sense of himself as an _______ of the ________.
agent; world
In the first year, agency is ________, and not ________
tangible; limited
Piaget argues that ______ ___________ helps to develop awareness of the subjective self
object permanence
Object permanence requires more development of the _______ lobe
frontal
Bandura argues that the sense of ______ ______ has roots in the first year
self-efficacy
The objective self is what is _______ by other people
observed
Explain what happens to 4-months-olds in terms of self-awareness?
4-month-olds respond differently to live video or photographs by looking longer at images of others because they start to see faces and fixate on them because faces are how we communicate.
True or False: Babies fixate on real people’s faces to get the sense that there are characteristics that all other people have
True; we know this because we can see them
What did Lewis and Brooks find?
Lewis and Brooks found that 75% of 21-month-olds recognized themselves in a mirror and most 9-12 months did not
A kid requires a lot of _____
care
By 15 months, infants begin to show ______________ in mirror tasks
self-recognition
What occurs at 18-24 months for children?
At 18-24 months, children look more at photos of themselves than others and refer to themselves by their name or personal pronoun
Self-concept comes from ____-________
self-awareness
Self-awareness brings ____-____
self-will
In order to know what is yours, you need to know that you _____ and that what you see is an _______ of yourself
exist; extension
Emotions such as shame or pride require:
some awareness of standards of conduct (ethics), and the ability to compare themselves to those standards
The sense of self emerges from ______ into a much more __________ world
agency; hypothetical
As behaviour adapts, children develop ________ that accompany how they do or what they do
emotions
Explain Early Self Definitions for children around the age of 2
By age two, kids are players in a social game and have social scripts which define their roles within the game, which starts to become much more elaborate. They start to name things.
Explain Early Self Definitions for children between the ages of 5 and 7
Children have a full description of competence in skills: they know what they can do, and they can reflect on what their capabilities are. They become much more reflective in a hypothetical place
Explain self concept at school age
Self-concept starts with simple, physically-based descriptions (which are concrete) and shifts into more abstract, comparative and generalized descriptions that are relatively stable and provide a global sense of self-worth.
What else do children emphasize?
Beliefs, quality of relationships, general personality traits, and positive and negative traits
Academic comparison starts in the _____ grade
third
Explain the self-concept and identity in adolescence
Self descriptions shift to abstract traits and ideology and become more differentiated (seperate themselves from their parents)
Within the evolving self-concept, there is ________ ___________, and __________ development takes place
cultural variability; linguistic
In self descriptions, preschoolers mention concrete characteristics such as:
physical characteristics, preferences, possessions, and competencies
Identity is how we see:
ourselves
Explain the academic self-concept
The Academic self concept has internal comparisons to self-generated ideas. It is not necessarily imposed.
_________ _______________ in one area can affect self-concept in other areas
Perceived competence; i.e. failing a math test can carry over for a long time
Explain Erikson’s Identity Crisis
Within this, there is the concept of identity versus role confusion - meaning you cannot stay a child. It involves forging a new identity and the self-concept remaining continuous when adolescents start to form into what their adult identity will be.
What are the roles that play a part in Erikson’s identity crisis?
Occupational roles, sexual roles, religious roles,
What is the goal of all the roles and relationships in Erikson’s Identity Crisis?
Integration
Adolescents use ________ _________ to experiment with different selves
hypothetical reasoning
True or False: Teenagers take on different roles and personality types depending on who they’re with
True
Adolescence is characterized by ______ ________
self-absorption
What is self-absorption?
Self absorption is when someone is really full of themselves; vain, popularity, not wanting to talk to people who are ‘uncool’
What is adolescence egocentrism?
The idea that everything in the world revolves around the adolescence and that everything has to change for them
What is an imaginary audience?
Putting on a performance; modelling in front of the mirror, practicing what to say
What is a personal fable?
The story that an adolescent tells themselves about who they are and how important they are
What is the illusion of invulnerability?
Adolescents are more prone to accidental behaviours because the frontal lobe isn’t fully developed until the mid-20s
What is meant by one’s ethnic identity?
Feeling a part of one’s ethnic group; most people live in a familial environment and as children do not realize that they live in a culture and that a culture exists.
What is enculturation?
Enculturation is to what extent are you a part of the culture you grew up in
What does it mean to be bicultural?
Raised in a home that has one culture but lives in places where different cultures coexist
What is acculturation?
The idea that an adolescent can become comfortable in another culture
