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Developmental Psychology Final > Chapter 2 - Genetic Bases of Child Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Genetic Bases of Child Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heredity?

A

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

Genetics is the study of ________.

A

heredity

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3
Q

How many chromosomes are in each Gamete?

A

23

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4
Q

What are gametes?

A

The basic building blocks of every piece of tissue in your body - reproductive cells

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5
Q

True or False: Each cell has 23 chromosomes after reproduction

A

True: 23 from mother, 23 from father

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6
Q

Each chromosome is made up of _____

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

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7
Q

What is the job of the nucleus?

A

Based on the needs of the cell, they go and search for all of the genetic code and as of the specific questions it needs

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8
Q

Genes are sections of _________

A

DNA strands

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9
Q

What is the structure of a chromosome?

A

They are thin, thread-like structures, made of scaffolding to hold it together

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10
Q

True or false: Chromosomes 2-23 are autosomes that contain information for the cells. Chromosome 1 is the sex chromosome

A

False: Chromosomes 1-22 contain information, and chromosome 23 is the sex chromosome

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11
Q

In regards to chromosome 23, XX is _____, and XY is ______.

A

XX = Female, XY = Male

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12
Q

Who developed the double helix model?

A

Watson and Crick

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13
Q

What is the double helix model?

A

Where pieces of DNA are physically encoded. The shape of the double helix allows for fitting a lot of information into a small space. Able to be ‘unwinded’ to get information out of it.

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14
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an individual. Nothing more than the complete set of genes

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15
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

The set of physical, behavioural, and psychological features we see in a person

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16
Q

True or False: Homozygous means different and heterozygous means the same

A

False, its the other way around

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17
Q

Genes come in different forms known as ________

A

alleles

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18
Q

Pairs of alleles can either be __________ or ____________.

A

homozygous; heterozygous

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19
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

Whatever chemical instructions followed on the gene are actually followed and become a phenotype

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20
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

There are chemical instructions there, but the instructions are ignored unless both alleles are recessive

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21
Q

What is an example of a recessive allele?

A

Blue eyes are ignored unless both parents have the blue eye gene

22
Q

Many disorders are homozygous recessive. What does homozygous recessive mean?

A

When the code from the genetic disorder is coming from both parents. Most genetic disorders are homozygous recessive

23
Q

What are examples of disorders that are homozygous recessive?

A

Cystic fibrosis, PKU, Albinism, and Tay-Sachs disease

24
Q

Many inherited disorders are very rare because:

A

both parents need to have the recessive gene

25
Q

Some people are born with __________ chromosomes, which causes certain disorders

A

Too many, too few, or damaged

26
Q

People born with down syndrome have an _____________

A

extra 21st chromosome

27
Q

The effects genes have on development are huge when it comes to _______________

A

physical characteristics

28
Q

Genes that encode eye colour are on chromosome ____

A

15

29
Q

The dominant eye colour is ________, the recessive is _______

A

brown; blue

30
Q

The branch of genetics deals with the inheritance of _________ and ___________ traits

A

behavioural; psychological

31
Q

Humans are guided by our _______, _________, _______, and ________.

A

intellect; environment; culture; development

32
Q

Many behavioural genotypes reflect __________________.

A

polygenic inheritance

33
Q

What are the two types of twins?

A

Monozygotic, and dizygotic.

34
Q

What are monozygotic twins?

A

Identical twins, come from one egg that split and develops into 2 people. They share 100% of their genes.

35
Q

What are dizygotic twins?

A

Fraternal twins, come from two separate eggs. Have different genotypes

36
Q

What do adoption studies do?

A

Provide behavioural geneticists with further clues about the influence of heredity

37
Q

What do we look for in adoption studies?

A

We look to see if the child’s behaviour resembles the adoptive parents or the biological parents more

38
Q

If the child’s behaviour resembles the adoptive parent, the _________ influences genes more

A

environment

39
Q

What is gene editing?

A

To alter genes and even the human genome by replacing or altering parts of the individual’s DNA

40
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

Multiple genes control a single trait

41
Q

True or False: Height is a polygenic trait

A

True: three genes come together to determine the height. Each gene has 6 alleles.

42
Q

A tall person has all ________ alleles, and a short person has all ________ alleles.

A

dominant; recessive

43
Q

What is the Newbauer twin study?

A

Directed the separation of four sets of monozygotic twins. He never published his results. Was done in the 1960s and 1970s. He separates the twins and sets them up for adoption into two different families

44
Q

What is the NASA twin study?

A

Took a set of monozygotic twins and put one into space. As soon as the twin went back to earth, everything returned to normal. Strong evidence that there is a genetic component

45
Q

What is the aim of the Bouchard twin study?

A

To determine the extent that genetics impact behaviour

46
Q

What was the method of the Bouchard twin study?

A

Participants were self selected monozygotic (MZ) twins. Some stayed together, some were reared apart. The separated twins were separated at 5 months, and were brought back together at the age of 30

47
Q

True or false: There was no significant difference between the separated MZ twins versus the MZ twins that were together

A

True: There was no difference in personality, temperament, hobbies, interests, career pursuits, or social attitudes.

48
Q

In regards to gene editing, if you replace the DNA that carries the disorder with good DNA in early development (in the womb), there is only a ___% chance of developing the disorder

A

30

49
Q

True or False: Certain environmental factors have to be there in the development of certain disorders (i.e. Schizophrenia)

A

True

50
Q

The same genetic code can produce a range of ________, depending on the environment

A

phenotypes

51
Q

What is epigenesis?

A

The continuous interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment drives development

52
Q

What is methylation?

A

How the environment impacts the genes

Developmental Psychology Final (12 decks)

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