Chapter 2 - Genetic Bases of Child Development Flashcards
What is heredity?
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Genetics is the study of ________.
heredity
How many chromosomes are in each Gamete?
23
What are gametes?
The basic building blocks of every piece of tissue in your body - reproductive cells
True or False: Each cell has 23 chromosomes after reproduction
True: 23 from mother, 23 from father
Each chromosome is made up of _____
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
What is the job of the nucleus?
Based on the needs of the cell, they go and search for all of the genetic code and as of the specific questions it needs
Genes are sections of _________
DNA strands
What is the structure of a chromosome?
They are thin, thread-like structures, made of scaffolding to hold it together
True or false: Chromosomes 2-23 are autosomes that contain information for the cells. Chromosome 1 is the sex chromosome
False: Chromosomes 1-22 contain information, and chromosome 23 is the sex chromosome
In regards to chromosome 23, XX is _____, and XY is ______.
XX = Female, XY = Male
Who developed the double helix model?
Watson and Crick
What is the double helix model?
Where pieces of DNA are physically encoded. The shape of the double helix allows for fitting a lot of information into a small space. Able to be ‘unwinded’ to get information out of it.
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an individual. Nothing more than the complete set of genes
What are phenotypes?
The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
The set of physical, behavioural, and psychological features we see in a person
True or False: Homozygous means different and heterozygous means the same
False, its the other way around
Genes come in different forms known as ________
alleles
Pairs of alleles can either be __________ or ____________.
homozygous; heterozygous
What is a dominant allele?
Whatever chemical instructions followed on the gene are actually followed and become a phenotype
What is a recessive allele?
There are chemical instructions there, but the instructions are ignored unless both alleles are recessive
What is an example of a recessive allele?
Blue eyes are ignored unless both parents have the blue eye gene
Many disorders are homozygous recessive. What does homozygous recessive mean?
When the code from the genetic disorder is coming from both parents. Most genetic disorders are homozygous recessive
What are examples of disorders that are homozygous recessive?
Cystic fibrosis, PKU, Albinism, and Tay-Sachs disease
Many inherited disorders are very rare because:
both parents need to have the recessive gene
Some people are born with __________ chromosomes, which causes certain disorders
Too many, too few, or damaged
People born with down syndrome have an _____________
extra 21st chromosome
The effects genes have on development are huge when it comes to _______________
physical characteristics
Genes that encode eye colour are on chromosome ____
15
The dominant eye colour is ________, the recessive is _______
brown; blue
The branch of genetics deals with the inheritance of _________ and ___________ traits
behavioural; psychological
Humans are guided by our _______, _________, _______, and ________.
intellect; environment; culture; development
Many behavioural genotypes reflect __________________.
polygenic inheritance
What are the two types of twins?
Monozygotic, and dizygotic.
What are monozygotic twins?
Identical twins, come from one egg that split and develops into 2 people. They share 100% of their genes.
What are dizygotic twins?
Fraternal twins, come from two separate eggs. Have different genotypes
What do adoption studies do?
Provide behavioural geneticists with further clues about the influence of heredity
What do we look for in adoption studies?
We look to see if the child’s behaviour resembles the adoptive parents or the biological parents more
If the child’s behaviour resembles the adoptive parent, the _________ influences genes more
environment
What is gene editing?
To alter genes and even the human genome by replacing or altering parts of the individual’s DNA
What is polygenic inheritance?
Multiple genes control a single trait
True or False: Height is a polygenic trait
True: three genes come together to determine the height. Each gene has 6 alleles.
A tall person has all ________ alleles, and a short person has all ________ alleles.
dominant; recessive
What is the Newbauer twin study?
Directed the separation of four sets of monozygotic twins. He never published his results. Was done in the 1960s and 1970s. He separates the twins and sets them up for adoption into two different families
What is the NASA twin study?
Took a set of monozygotic twins and put one into space. As soon as the twin went back to earth, everything returned to normal. Strong evidence that there is a genetic component
What is the aim of the Bouchard twin study?
To determine the extent that genetics impact behaviour
What was the method of the Bouchard twin study?
Participants were self selected monozygotic (MZ) twins. Some stayed together, some were reared apart. The separated twins were separated at 5 months, and were brought back together at the age of 30
True or false: There was no significant difference between the separated MZ twins versus the MZ twins that were together
True: There was no difference in personality, temperament, hobbies, interests, career pursuits, or social attitudes.
In regards to gene editing, if you replace the DNA that carries the disorder with good DNA in early development (in the womb), there is only a ___% chance of developing the disorder
30
True or False: Certain environmental factors have to be there in the development of certain disorders (i.e. Schizophrenia)
True
The same genetic code can produce a range of ________, depending on the environment
phenotypes
What is epigenesis?
The continuous interplay between genes and multiple levels of the environment drives development
What is methylation?
How the environment impacts the genes
