Chapter 10 - Emotional Development Flashcards
______ are useful because they help people adapt to their environments
Emotions
What are emotions?
Emotions are subjective reaction to things that occur in the environment
What leads to avoiding danger?
Fear
_______ strengthens relationships
Happiness
What keeps people away from things that make them ill?
Disgust
At about 2-3 months, _____ _____ appear in response to other people for children
social smiles
Stranger wariness appears around how many months?
6
What kind of emotions are feelings such as pride, guilt, and embarassment?
Self-conscious (complex) emotions
By age ___, most children experience regret and relief appropriately
9
_______ differ in events that trigger emotions, and in the extent to which emotional expression is encouraged
Cultures
In many Asian countries, _______ _______ is highly valued
emotional restraint
At how many months can children identify facial expressions associated with different emotions?
Between 4-6
What is an example of social referencing?
When infants are put in environments that are unfamiliar, they’ll look to their caregivers for cues on how to react
During elementary school, children understand that people can have _______ feelings.
mixed
Children learn display rules for their _______ ______
cultural context
What is temperament?
Temperament is the general attitude that children have - how they behave, act, and feel
Temperament is the precursor to __________
personality
_______ and _____________ factors contribute to the development of temperament
Heredity; environmental
Parental personality often reflects in a child’s ______________
temperament
What are the three patterns based on observations and parental interviews that Thomas and Chess identified?
Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-warm-up
Twin studies show that there is a ________ influence on temperament
heredity
________ twins are more alike in aspects of temperament than __________ twins
identical; fraternal
The impact of heredity depends on:
temperamental dimensions and the child’s age
Heredity plays a role in how the child __________ themselves, and it emerges in different stages in life, which points to a ________ component.
expresses; genetic
Temperament is highly affected by _________ behaviour
parental
Temperament can also make some kids particularly susceptible to ___________ influences
environmental
Without moderate __________, temperament does not exist
stability
Temperament is the underlying basis of ___________
personality
Various aspects of temperament are related to:
school success, peer interactions, compliance with parents, and depression
What is an example of the influence of temperament depending on environmental influences?
Children who resist control are less likely to have behaviour problems when mothers exert appropriate control
Children with ____________ temperaments are less affected by life stressors
positive
What is attachment?
Attachment is the enduring social-emotional relationship between infant and parent
All parts of __________ is based on the level of attachment between the child and the caregiver
development
Attachment relies on the infant growing up and gaining _________ and __________ skills.
perceptual; cognitive
What skills does an infant have to develop in order for attachment to become stronger and richer?
Perception, cognition, emotion, attachment
By __ months, infants have identified a single attachment figure
7
Infant usually first attach to their _______, based on research
mothers
It is found that they prefer to ____ with father’s but prefer mothers for ________.
play; comfort
Explain the involvement of Indigenous father’s in terms of attachment
Indigenous fathers’ involvement showed challenges due to the disruption of colonial interventions, requiring a culturally sensitive approach to overcoming difficulties in relationships with their children.
Attachment is critically important because all of ___________ is based off of attachment
development
Explain Ainsworth’s Strange Situation task?
This task was a way to measure attachment styles and the quality of infant attachment.
Infants were put through a series of situations, none of which were traumatic, in order to see how they would respond in order to measure how attached they were to their parents.
What is secure attachment?
A secure child may be upset when the parent leaves, but stops crying when the parent returns. It is secure because the parent is the main source of comfort
What is avoidant attachment?
Avoidant attachment means that the child was not upset when the parent leaves, and when the parent comes back, the child ignores the parent, not really caring.
What is resistant attachment?
Resistant attachment is when the child is upset when the parent leaves, but is inconsolable when the parent comes back.
In constrast to secure, the child is calm when the parent comes back but in resistant, the child is inconsolable and very angry
What is disorganized attachment?
Disorganized attachment is when the parent leaves and the child is confused; you can see the confusion. What makes it disorganized is when the parent comes back, the child is still confused
_________ attachment is the most common form worldwide
Secure
Secure attachment leads to _________ social relationships, due to the establishment of ______.
positive; trust
___________ and ________ parenting is necessary for secure attachment
Predictable; responsive
When questioned about attachment relationships, adults may be classified as _______, _________, or ______________.
secure; dismissive; preoccupied
Secure attachment leads to positive relationships because there is a _______ between child and caregiver
trust
Secure adults are more likely to provide ________ ___________ and in turn, have securely attached infants
sensitive caregiving
____-___________ seems to be an important factor in intergenerational attachment
Self-awareness
_________ can help mothers respond more effectively to their baby’s needs
Training
