Chapter 12 - Moral Understanding and Behaviour Flashcards
Within moral development, and according to Freud, the ________ develops
Superego
What is the superego?
The component of the mind that navigates between the id and ego; morality and being ethical
Disobedience leads to _______
guilt
Guilt is an extremely _________ emotion
powerful
Whenever a child acts in a way that is __________, there is guilt
contrary to rules
Cognitive development helps children move from feeling guilt only when ______ (age 7), to feeling guilt when _______________ (ages 9 or 10).
caught; doing something wrong
Initially, guilt emerges because you don’t have the ______; and you’ve failed to live up to the ________.
principles; ego ideal
There is a connection between how much guilt a person feels and how they ________.
behave
Someone who has a ________ ___________ is more likely to feel guilt
fearful temperament
T or F: Children whose parents asserted discipline (yelling or are really imposing), develop more guilt as opposed to children that are more amicable (less intense discipline)
True
Parents need to avoid asserting power because it can lead to an ________________; which will cause development of the conscious to be stunted
overexaggerated shame response
Development of the conscious requires the list of behaviours that help us determine _____, and ___, and _____.
good; bad; guilt
T or F: Guilt is a bad emotion
False: Guilt in itself is not a bad emotion, but you need to have a balance
How do we avoid feeling shame for feeling guilty?
Not do bad things, because we can perceive that we’ve done something wrong
Once you start feeling bad for behaviour, you start _________ your behaviours
monitoring
What is moral reasoning?
The process of making judgements about the rightness or wrongness of specific acts
Moral reasoning is how we deal with:
ethical dilemmas
According to Piaget, moral judgement appears with:
concrete operational thinking
Moral judgement is where we see a shift from acting good out of fear to acting good because its _____ _________.
self-imposed
Explain the moral realism stage
Children under the ages of 8-7 are dealing with internal vs external morality, and believe that rules are unchanging
Give an example of unchanging rules for children in the moral realism stage
Never open the door to anyone because dad says so - rules cannot be changed because they come from authority
What is the moral relativism stage?
In this stage, children understand the importance of rules but also know that they can be changed
Children must reason at the concrete operational stage before they can use ____________ ______ ____________
conventional moral reasoning
True or False: Reasoning is a formal operational process
False: reasoning is a concrete operational process
Concrete operational reasoning is not ___________
hypothetical
What is a hallmark in formal operational, not concrete, because you have to be hypothetical?
Post-conventional reasoning
______________ thinking is required for post-conventional level reasoning
Formal operational
Declines in ________ is the cognitive-developmental variable that matters
egocentrism
Levels of moral reasoning are positively correlated with ________ behaviour and negatively correlated with _________ behaviour
social; antisocial
T or F: Just because variables change together in a neat way, it doesn’t mean they cause each other
True
How well you morally reason is positively correlated with _______ __________
social behaviour
Attitudes towards the acceptability of violence also vary with levels of _____ _________
moral reasoning
The higher the stage of moral reasoning, the stronger the link to _________.
behaviour
The moral reasoning of highly ______ children is lower than ____-_________ children
aggressive; non-delinquent
Delinquents appear behind in moral reasoning because of ______ in role-taking skills
deficits
Reasoning becomes more __________ after discussions about moral issues and exposure to higher levels of reasoning
sophisticated
What are valuable components of the school cirriculum?
Discussions about human rights, responsibilities, and respect
Hearing about the problems of others can inspire children and adolescents to act for
social change
What is prosocial behaviour?
Prosocial behaviour is actions that benefit others
Your level of moral reasoning is positively correlated with your ________ __________.
prosocial behaviour
What is altruism?
Altruism is prosocial behaviour that helps others with no direct benefit to the individual
Children are extraordinarily __________
altruistic
During preschool years, children gradually understand other’s needs and learn appropriate ________ behaviour, but early ________ is limited
altruistic; altruism
Children understand that people need different things as their ___________ reduces
egocentrism
The older you get, _______ seems to decrease
your altruism
What is perspective-taking?
Perspective-taking is when children help when they can imagine another’s situation, which leads to the development of prosocial behaviour
What is empathy?
When children help when they can feel how another person is feeling
What are two types of empathy?
Cognitive empathy, affective empathy
Children become more prosocial as they mature and begin to make moral decisions based on principles rather than on the basis of ______ and ___________
reward; punishment
When do children help?
When they feel responsible for the person in the need, when they feel competent to help, when they are in a good mood, and when the cost of helping is modest
Twin studies suggest that identical twins are more alike in ________ behaviour than fraternal twins are
prosocial
What hormone influences social behaviours and has been linked to a few specific genes?
Oxytocin
_____ are also likely to affect prosocial behaviour indirectly, through their influence on temperament
Genes
Prosocial behaviour is encouraged by parents who are:
warm and supportive, set guidelines, and provide feedback that help children to understand how their actions affect others
Children and adolescents need to routinely be given the opportunity to help and cooperate with others, which __________ them to needs of others and gives them the _________ of helping
sensitizes; satisfaction
What is instrumental aggression?
Aggression that is used to achieve specific goals (e.g. getting a toy)
What is hostile aggression?
Unprovoked aggression with the goal of intimidation, harassment, or humiliation
What is reactive aggression?
When one child’s behaviour leads to another’s aggression
What is relational aggression?
Trying to hurt others by undermining social relationships
Forms of aggression change with ____, but individual’s tendency towards aggression is moderately stable
age
Children that act more __________ in elementary school will be more likely to be _________ during adulthood and adolescence
aggressively; aggressive
What are biological risks for aggressive behaviour?
Temperament, hormonal influences, and neurotransmitter deficits
What do parenting factors include?
- Controlling or coercive parents, 2. The use of harsh physical punishments and threats, 3. Unresponsive or emotionally uninvested parents, 4. Lack of monitoring, 5. Neglect, 6. Presence of conflict in the home
A cycle develops where aggressive _______ leads to aggressive _________, which often escalates in intensity
behaviour; punishment
_________ views and ___________ influence aggression
Culture; experiences
Aggressive children often have aggressive:
pets
Aggression and __________ behaviour are more common where there is poverty
antisocial
Exposure to a culture of __________ contributes to aggressive attitudes and behaviours
violence
What is the Social-informational-processing theory?
Aggressive children systematically misperceive people’s actions
What are cascading risks?
Later risk factors build on prior risks
What is socialized aggression?
Aggression that is expected within a situation
Chronic victims of aggression and bullying are often:
lonely, anxious, depressed, dislike school, and have low self-esteem
___________ is a modern form of bullying and rumour-mongering
Cyberbullying
_________ are more likely to be victims of aggression when they are aggressive themselves or are withdrawn, submissive, and have low self-esteem
Youngsters
An effective strategy for victims is to be __________
assertive
______ support and assistance are important
Adult
The most effective solution to bullying is prevention through the creation of ________ _______ ____________.
positive school communities
