Chapter 4 - Growth and Health Flashcards
During the first year, growth is very _______
rapid
Growth is both __________, and _____________.
Cephalocaudal; proximodistal
What is cephalocaudal growth?
Taller and shorter
What is proximodistal growth?
Wider
T or F: Average and Normal are considered to mean the same thing
False: if you are not the average, it does not mean you are not normal
What is phase one of growth?
First 2 years of life, is rapid height and body weight growth
What is phase 2 of growth?
2 years old until early adolescence, 2-3 inches per year and 6 pounds
What is phase 3 of growth?
Adolescents growth spurt - 3-6 inches per year, longer spurts in boys
Babies have a soft spot on their head because:
the skull bones have yet to fuse
___ of your muscles are present at birth, but the release of the hormones ____ the muscle structure.
All; thicken
By __ months, they can start to focus on objects and reach towards them
3
By __ months they can reach out and grab something
5
By __ months they can make complicated predictive reaching
9
What are the 3 phases of walking?
Walking reflex, stepping motion, walking
What is the stepping motions phase of walking?
After 6 months. Hormones are releasing from the pituitary, brain is developing balance
What is the walking phase?
Around a year they start to walk, around a year and half they start running. They become much more mobile.
What is perception-action coupling and when does it occur?
Running towards someone, running away, grabbing their cup and moving it to their face; happens around 18 months
What is the pituitary gland?
Master gland that controls all growth
Where is the thyroid gland?
The neck
Where is the pituitary gland?
The base of your brain
What is adrenal androgen?
Hormones that are release from your adrenal gland that sit on your kidney
What is gonadotrophic hormones?
Hormones that are secreted to stimulate sex hormones before puberty.
True or false: a child’s nutritional need can change some predisposed genetics?
True: You could have a predisposed gene to be tall, but if you do not eat right, the bones and muscles can’t grow
The average weight and height for girls vs boys are the same up until around ____ years.
14
Puberty marks the start of:
Adolescence
What is sexual maturation
the ability to reproduce
timing of puberty is regulated by _____,_____, and _____.
Genes, nutrition, and health
Poor nutrition can _____ the start of puberty
delay
What are primary sex characteristics?
Development of testes and ovaries
What are secondary sex characteristics?
Breasts in girls, changes in voice and pitch and beard in boys, and body hair for both
What is the sequence of changes in girls?
Development of pubic hair and breasts
Growth spurt follows.
Menarche follows 2 years after other visibility signs.
What is menarche?
Occurs between 12 1/2 and 13 1/2. Follows a secular trend. Possible to conceive shortly after menarche.
What is the sequence of changes in boys?
Growth spurts come later int he stages that girls
Development of beard and lowering of voice comes late in the stages
Boys can attain fertility as early as 12 or as late as 16.
Early maturing girls develop an _________ body type that is ________
Endomorphic; somewhat undesirable
Early maturing girls:
Suffer more negative body image
Get into more trouble in school
Engage in delinquent behavior
Experience more depression
Get into bad peer groups
Abuse substances
Early maturing boys develop a _____ body type that is ___________
mesomorphic; culturally admired
Early maturing boys:
Have positive body image
Does better in school (adult success)
Get in less trouble and more friends
Substance abuse…?
Can be more hostile and aggressive
Experience stressful life experiences when developing early
HS boys are _____ sexually active than girls
more
Multiple partners leads to:
Leads to increase in STIs and STDs
Chance of pregnancy
changing in future romantic partners
Worldwide, approximately __ in __ children under the age of 5 suffer from malnutrition
1; 3
______ leads to malnutrition
Poverty
Malnutrition is especially damaging in infancy because __________
growth is rapid
T or F: Better fed children are absent from school less often and their achievement scores improve
True
What is anorexia?
the persistant refusal to eat
more common in girls
irrational fear of being over weight
What is bulimia?
uncontrolled eating and purging
eats regularly but purges shortly after eating
purging -> throwing up your food
more common in girls
after conditioning yourself to purge after eating, you will eventually always throw up when you eat
Malnutrition can cause a change in the:
period cycle
What is body dysmorphic disorder?
More common in boys than girls
dissatisfactions in the general body
Changes taken place in puberty
Obesity refers to the individuals who have a body mass index in the upper ____
5%
Contributing factors to obesity include:
heredity, parental influences, sedentary lifestyle, and too little sleep
Associated factors of obesity influce:
Low self-esteem and health issues
The top 5 killers of children worldwide are:
pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, malaria, and malnutrition
Many diseases that kill young children are preventable with:
vaccines, improved health care, and changing habits
Car accidents are the most common cause of death in North American Children. Parents can help by enforcing:
use of seat belts, car seats, and bike helmets, and by being realistic about child’s abilities
The ____________ develops rapidly during the first 2 years of life
nervous system
The ___ and _____ are most fully developed at birth
midbrain; medulla
The midbrain and medulla are right off the spinal cord and regulates:
breathing, respiration, waking, sleeping, using the bathroom, reflexes, movement of the head and neck
The __________ is the least developed at birth
cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is responsible for _____________.
perception, body movement, thinking etc.
What is a neuron?
cells that make up the brain
different than the other cells
basic unit of the brain/nervous system
it receives and transmits information
What is the cell body?
The basic biological machinery that keeps the neuron functioning
What is a dendrite?
Receiver
What is an axon?
Projection that comes off the cell body that transmits a signal
What is myelin?
A fatty substance, like insulation
What are neurotransmitters?
the way the neurons ‘talk’ to each other
chemical that carry information to neurons
What are terminal buttons?
Release neuro transmitters to talk to other neurons
What is the synapse?
The space between the dendrites of other neurons and the terminal buttons
What is the cerebral cortex?
Wrinkled surface of the brain,
consists of right and left hemispheres
outer layer of the brain.
both hemipheres do similar tasks.
Your right side is controlled by your left hemisphere,
your left side is controlled by your right hemisphere
What is the corpus callosum?
Transmits information from both hemisphere. Usually those who have uncontrolled seizures can get their corpus callosum severed.
What is the frontal cortex?
controls personality and ability to carry out plans. Abstract thinking. isn’t fully developed until when your around 25.
_______ starts before birth and continues through adolescence, resulting in improved coordination and reaction times.
Myelinization
After birth, the brain grows rapidly with _______ weeding out unnecessary connections between neurons
Synaptic pruning
What is synaptogenesis?
The recruiting of new neurons
What is pruning?
removing things that aren’t being used. Redundancy is eliminated
Formation of myelin sheath is ______ but not done during the first ___ years.
rapid; two
Brain based education is:
a promising and growing area of research and insights about how the brain connects to learning
